big science

Question 1

what as the 2009 science protest

Answer 1

protests of scientsits outside of the UK treasury about budget cuts set by Vinve Cable Buisiness Secretary;
‘science is bital’ argument

Question 2

martin rees quote 2010 on defense of science

Answer 2

'’britain cannot afford to save on science’

Question 3

briax cox defense in the sun about science

Answer 3

‘cutting science is like cutting spitfire in 1930’
science budget is less than 1 percent of UK government spending even though phyiscs industry contributes to 6 percent of national wealth
- need for international competition

Question 4

what does the usa focus on with spending in science

Answer 4

mainly on defense and littl eon healthcare

Question 5

UK spending from 2011-2001

Answer 5

around 700 billion in total of which 166 went to pensions and only 1 on science/reserach

Question 6

what is big science

Answer 6

20th century rise in scale, scope adn comlexity of science

• increase in spending, equipment, RD, military-industry
• stimulation of ecnomy and employment
• linkage of state and science

Question 7

example of big science projects in the 20th century

Answer 7

hoover dam
empire state building
manhtatan project

Question 8

capshew-rader science definition

Answer 8

1. money
2. manpower
3. machines
4. media
5. military

Question 9

definnition of science (bowler moros 2005)

Answer 9

an organised, human activitiy that since the 17th century, has resulte din the establishment of scientific instutionts

Question 10

19th century science?

Answer 10

professionalizatinon occured

Question 11

alving weinberg on big science

Answer 11

1961; monuuments visible in the 20th century such as rockets and reactors; motivations of church ad builders of these tools

Question 12

who was david kaiser and what did he demonstrate

Answer 12

he stacked up all the scientific review journals to show the expoential growth of science since the 17th century

Question 13

‘science o metrics’

Answer 13

derek de solla price in 1962;

demosntrated growth of SOURCES used in science and showed 90% of scientists EVER are alive today

Question 14

price on big science

Answer 14

law of scientific growth; in the 60s 90% of the worlds cientsits are alive now which demonstrated the transtiion of little science to big science

Question 15

what was the manhattan project (history)

Answer 15

• post-pearl harbour attack; product of science, state and military collaboration (new relationship); organized manpower with patrioitic mission
• set up 1942
• construction of the atomic bomb

Question 16

who led the manhattan project

Answer 16

general leslie groves; military authoirty
and oppenheimer (Science supervisorr)

Question 17

how much was spent on the manhtann project

Answer 17

2 billion dollars (at 1945 prices

Question 18

test sites of manhattan project

Answer 18

new medico; los alamos

- fake towns for tests; spend LOTS of money

Question 19

philisophical meaning of atomic bomb

Answer 19

the power of scientific knowledge to enable destruction

Question 20

bombings of the manahtaan project result

Answer 20

hiroshima and nagasahki

Question 21

quote of reactions by manhattan project scientsits

Answer 21

‘it worked’-frank oppenheimer

-i am deathdestroyer of worlds; robert oppenheimer

Question 22

successes of the manhattan project

Answer 22

1. media: ‘greatest acheivement of ORGANIZED science in HISTORY”; white house statement
2. scientists; saw it as a military and personal achievement; whats the point of making it if it isnt used?

Question 23

failures of manhattan project

Answer 23

1. massive death/destruction
2. cold war; more fear
3. failure of morality; symbol of power and accountability
4. failure of open science; project not revealed untill after bombimb

Question 24

metaphor argument on Manhattan Project

Answer 24

• could it have been a metaphorical threat? (not used on civvilians)

Question 25

scientists concerns about Big Science

Answer 25

concerns of overemphaising technology over pure science too political entangled; want autonomy weinberg; its runing science

Question 26

eisenhower on military-industry complex

Answer 26

during his exit speech; warns science-state military is too close with 'wrong people in charge' - dr strange love concerns

Question 27

cold war concerns

Answer 27

nuclear weapon fear

Question 28

world war one

Answer 28

1914-19; 'the chemist war'; chemical warfare, 'biologists war'; meidicne and physiology 'physistics war'; rutherford lab on underwater SONAR and AERODNYMAICS organization of science and industry and military

Question 29

sonar

Answer 29

tech during wwi by rutherford manchestor lab used in battlefield communications

Question 30

pre wwi discoveries

Answer 30

``` xrays radioactivity electrons atomic structure isotopes ---> LATER discoveries used to build atomic weapons and energy ```

Question 31

fession and chain reaction

Answer 31

1939; uraninum bombarded with neutrons gives elements half its weight (Hahn and Strassman)

Question 32

what did leo szilard predict

Answer 32

that the chain reaction splitting reaction could result in a massive explosion

Question 33

implications of fisshion/chain

Answer 33

various labs in europe and usa research this; | pop culture icon in 'world set free';atomic bomb term is coined== RECOGNITIOn of nuclear

Question 34

national socialism in science in germany

Answer 34

1933; aryan physics; 'deutsche physik movement' | - many german scientists leave (e.g. albert einstein and leo szilard); will end up working on manhattan project

Question 35

cern

Answer 35

european organization for nuclear reserach - included neils bohr - proudction of hardon collider - constructed in 1949-1952 as concerns about loss of european leadership; THROUGH COLLABORATION of nations/scientists to share the COSTS AND RESOURCES of science - project of PEACE in EU post war

Question 36

hubble space telescope

Answer 36

nasa and esa collaborate to improve astronomy

Question 37

ISS space station

Answer 37

international spcace station; previously place for competition (US/russia) justification fo scienceitif purpose uk doesnt paritcipate as too expensive

Question 38

super conducting super collider

Answer 38

failed project by US as it was too expensive to build (10 billion project) - scientific goals were rejected

Question 39

manhtann projectisis

Answer 39

coined by johan marburger; said physisitcs have a sense of entitlentment to ask government for lots of money

Question 40

21st centry science

Answer 40

end of physics; shift in power; age of biology - more accountability - mode 2 - more awareness of application (cause spending)

Question 41

HGP

Answer 41

1990s human genome project us/europ efforts to sequence the human genome collaboraiton of state, charity and private -justified for health care and pharmacology

Question 42

BMP

Answer 42

brain mapping project; multiimiliion obama 2013/14 project for NEUTROtechnology

Question 43

issues of the BMp

Answer 43

- scientists unclear about the goals/aims/achievements/expectations and are working too slowly