Bio Flashcards
Which stage does cell get commited to cell cycle
G1
Which phase does cell have enough geneomic material to undergo mitosis?
S
What happens when replciation is inhibited
Cell can’t proceed with cell cycle
What force drives metabolic pathways
Electromagnetism
What are 3 properties of steroid receptors
Small, diffuse through membrane interact with nuclear receptors
Which steps in pathways are most often highly regulated
Highly energetically favourable or unfavourable
What breaks proteins down in stomach
Proteases
Does gabriel synthesis involve decarboxylation or carboxylation
decarboxylation
In disulfide bond formation are cysteine residues oxidized or reduced
oxidized
What secondary structure misfolding causes amyloid fibres
beta sheets
where do allosteric regulators act
only away from active site
why is Mg an important cofactor
stabilizes phosphate as transfers to glucose
how do allosteric regulators increase enzyme activity
by altering tertiary structure
what is the effect of a competative inhibitor on vmax and km
km increases no effect on Vmax
What is the relationship between Km and substrate concentration
equal
What is the bottleneck effect
when population allele frequencies change in response to a random decrease in population size due to external events
what is parallel evolution
two species with a recent common ancestor evolve a similar trait
what are characteristics of germ positive
thick wall outer membrane absent
what is positive sense viruses
type ssRNA have to be reverse transcribed
In the ETC do the oxidation or reduction potentials increase as electrons move to next
reduction
What are substrates for gluconeogensis
protein lipid lactate
what does the commited step do
prevents diversion of substrate into another pathway
What are found in mitochondrial matrix
citric acid enzymes and ribosomes
What are 2 features about mitochondria
2 lipid bilayers, cristae
Does a folded or unfolded protein have higher entropy
unfolded
How do glycoglycerolipids and sphingolipids differ
in backbone
what proteins do chromatin condense around
histones
how do Histones and DNA interact
electrostatic
What is the process by which histones become less positive
histone acetylation (adding acetyl group)
which is short p or q arm
p
are centromeres highly conserved
no
What is main difference between primary and secondary active transport
primary direct consumption of ATP
What type of transport involves symporter
active
Can a tRNA correspond to more than 1 codon
yes
Does post-transcriptional modifications occur in prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
What direction are mRNA syntehsized
5’ to 3’
What is the role of primers
site for enzyme to bind in order to replicate
What does palidromic mean
forward and reverse read the same
Where do restriction enzymes orgionally come from
Prokaryotes
What are the prokaryotic subunits
Prokaryotic subunits are 50s and 30s
What is the role of an inducer
blocks repressor from binding
What is heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is densely packed so appears dark
What is the molecular clock hypothesis
Genetic mutations occur at a steady state
what produces 4 germ cells
Spermatogenesis
what does basal body do
acts as motor for flagella
When lactose is present what bind to allow lac op-eron expression
allolactose
What are dissolution reactions and are they endo or exo
solvent dissolves in solute to form solution endo
What is something always soluble
chlorates
what is a solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture
is there a difference between genome of intestine and embryonic
no few minor Dif
When is lac expression low
high glucose low lactose
are promotors close or far to upstream target genes
close
are acetyl groups attached to histones or DNA nucleotides
histones
what are transcription factors for in eukaryote
direction transcription of specific genes
Does RNA silencing occurs post trancription or translation
transcription
If a protein is denatured what level of structure will be changed
secondary or higher
Does ATP or NADH have higher energy potential
NADH
Where is F1 portion of ATP synthase
inside mitochondrial matrix
why is an acidic aa a good buffer for physiological pH if H+ increases
can pick up H+ as they are deprotonated
Is flagella or cillia found in female reproductive tract
cilia
where does sperm latch
zona
what is cleavage division
no change in volume formation of morula
what is end product of gasturlation
ectoderm
what forms notochord
rod of mesodermal cells
what determines sex and on what chromosome
SRY on Y
cancer cells form new blood vessel connections what is this process called
Angiogenesis
what causes tumor cells to invade basment membrane
overexpression of proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix
What is depolarization
becoming less negative relative to resting membrane
How can the pyrmidine dimerization be fixed
expose to UV causing nucleotide base excisions
A mutagen is only outside body true or false
false
How is oxygen transported
passive down conc gradient
What do defensins target
broad spectrum fungi, virus, bacteria
what drives inhalation
negative pressure that’s less than atmosphere
Someone who has RH factors has a ____ blood type
Positive
How is heart rate slowed down (by what)
Parasympathetic receptors on Vegas nerve
What does arthosclerosis affect
Arterial circulatory system specifically coronary arteries
What are the components of bile
The three major components of bile are pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts.
what does pepsin do
Pepsin begins the process of protein digestion in the stomach
does the liver synthesize digestive hormones
no
What are digested in stomach
protein
what organ in digestive system has lots of bacteria
large intestine
what are water soluble vitamins
B1 and C
what hormone inhibits digestion
somatostatin
what do lacteals connect
digestive to lymphatic system
Is the mobile phase for normal phase HPLC polar or nonpolar
non polar mobile phase
what is western blotting
antibodies applied to protein and separated using gel electrophoresis
What genetic inheritance pattern is not likely to show up in every generation
recessive
What type of barrier is blood brain
tight junction
What is transamination
transfer of amino group
Can bacteria transcribe human genes
yes
are trans or cis fatty acids more likely to be solid at room temp
trans
lipid soluble vitamins
A D E K
Which lipoprotein has least amount of protein compared to lipid
VLDL
are fatty acids soluble in aq solutions
partially
What is membrane potential based on
Relative conc of ions intra and extra
Why does K channels open after Na what is this delay
conformation change to open K takes longer
What do steriod hormones affect
gene expression in target cells
do steriod hormoens effects take effect slow or quick
slow
What are 2 facts about aa hormones
derived from single aa, can be hydrophobic/philic/amphipathic
Can peptide hormones pass through membrane and why
no because hydrophilic
What step of beta oxidation doesnt occur when there is a 3-4 double bond
step 1 so no fadh2
What do hormones from hypothalumus stimulate the release of other hormones from what
anterior pituitary
What is invovled in sperm maturation
hypothalumus and anterior pituitary
What does PTH do in terms of calcium
prevents calcium storage and stimulates osteoclast activity
what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone cortisol and androgens
what is posterior pituitary regulated by
hypothalamus
what type of stress does cortisol mediate
chronic stress
what could help hypertension
ACE and renin
What is the endpoitn of gycogenolysis
G6P
order of glycogen synthesis
G6P then G1P then UDP-glucose
what does not upregulate glycogenolysis
glucose
what is oxidative stage of PPP for
make NADPH to generate macromolecules
what prevents futile cycles from occuring
hormone and allosteric regulation
what are immunoglobulins made of
4 subunits 2 light 2 heavy
T cells attack cells with MCH1 what cells express this
tumor and virus
what are humoral immune components
memory B and plasma
what dont leukocytes prevent
dont prevent pathogens for entering
what T cells trigger appoptosis
CD8+
What responds to bacterial infections
neutrophils
what are involved in allergic response
basophils
what mediates acquired immune response
lymphocytes
what phase does oocyte spend most type
metaphase 2
what is external female genertelia called
vulva
in the descending loop of henley filtrate osmality ____ due to ___
increase, water reabsorption
what part of excretory system controls pH
kidney tubules
blood enters glomerular capillaries through ____ arterioles and exists through ____
affarent, efferent
in the collecting duct what is reabsorbed
water
in the distal tubule what is reabsorbed
ca
in the proximal tubule what is reabsorbed
valuable molecules
what causes decrease in LH
progesterone
what phase is discharge part of
follicular
what part of reproductive system is estrogen secreted from
ovarian follicule
if implantation hasn’t occurred a pregnancy test would be __
false neg
what are osteons
cylindrical structures composed of concentric rings ofbone matrix
what differenciate into macrophages and dendric cells
monocytes
what responds to bacterial infection
neutrophils
where are T cells educated
thymus
do neutrophils respond quickly or after a while
quick
whats poorly soluble in hydrophilic
hydrocarbons, no charge
what stabalizes peptide bond
resonance
what is the process descirbing binding through complementary nucleotides
hybridization
what are eosinphils a type of
WBC
red blood cells dont contain what?
membrane bound organelle
what does aldosterone due and in what condition
inc Na absorption in collecting duct when BP low
whats the best way to sterlaize something in lab
autoclave
what is an example of cytoplasmic component
mitochondria
how does a single vs double crossover event differ
double is 2 places
glycogen storage is analoguos to what
fat synthesis
what does lactate indicate
high fermentation/metabolism
what happens to membrane fluidity in terms of cholesteral at high temps
cholesterol becomes more rigid
what eukaryotic organisims dont have nucleus
bacteria
what type of acid or base do aa act as
bronzed
what is example of homolohous structure
human arm and bat wing
what is below dermis
hypodermis
what happens if ATP doesnt bind to myosin head
stays contracted rigor state
what muscle band doesnt shorten in muscle contraction
A
what are fully or partially uninucleated
cardiac partially smooth fully
what step in muscle contraction is ATP hydrolyzed
Reuptake of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
what is calcium binding regulated by
action potentials
What steps of glycolysis needs to be bipassed in gluconeogensis and which of thsoe needs 2 enzymes
1, 3, 10
10 needs 2
what is dependent on the electron transport chain
all obligate aerobes
how can acetone be expelled
sweat smelling breath and sweat
where does glycolysis tank place
cytosol
how is genetic diversity increased in prok
conjunction
how does PKA effect fatty acid synthesis
activates/inc
what part of glycolysis does AMP affect and what way
3rd step activates
what is keratin part of (tissue)?
epithelial
hypotension is
low bp low Na and high K
repairing flagella requires what
proteins
in absence of coorperativity what does the conc vs fraction bound curve look liek
hyperbolic
what does a ligase catalyze
bond formation
what is delat G is delta H is negative and delta S is positive
neg
where is cytochrome c found
buried in membrane
what does citrate synthase catalyze
acetyl coa to citrate
what is product of beta ox
acetyl coa
what are charcteristics of gram positive cell
thick cell wall, membrane absent
eukaryote subunits
40s and 60s
do euk or prok do alternative splicing
eukaryote
what does cardiac arrest halt
oxygen transport, aerobic
what is difference between E and D
E 1 more Ch2
what is dendric hypertophy
more plentiful connections
how does emotion focused help stress
decreasing long term effects not problems
what does moderatign variable do
inc strength of relation
when do sister chromatids seperate
mitosis and meiosis 2
what separates in meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes
what is a repressor
binds and prevents translation
hyperglycemia results in what in urine
glucose and ketone bodies
what is deprotonated form of cysteine
-s-
western blot
what protein expressed
southern blot
specific dan sequences
what stage would be if wantex to halt mitosis
interphase
histone deacytlation ___ gene expression
decreases
egiplottes are part of
respiratory system
chemical synapses require movement through
inter membrane space
