Bio Flashcards
(485 cards)
1
Q
Which stage does cell get commited to cell cycle
A
G1
2
Q
Which phase does cell have enough geneomic material to undergo mitosis?
A
S
3
Q
What happens when replciation is inhibited
A
Cell can’t proceed with cell cycle
4
Q
What force drives metabolic pathways
A
Electromagnetism
5
Q
What are 3 properties of steroid receptors
A
Small, diffuse through membrane interact with nuclear receptors
6
Q
Which steps in pathways are most often highly regulated
A
Highly energetically favourable or unfavourable
7
Q
What breaks proteins down in stomach
A
Proteases
8
Q
Does gabriel synthesis involve decarboxylation or carboxylation
A
decarboxylation
9
Q
In disulfide bond formation are cysteine residues oxidized or reduced
A
oxidized
10
Q
What secondary structure misfolding causes amyloid fibres
A
beta sheets
11
Q
where do allosteric regulators act
A
only away from active site
12
Q
why is Mg an important cofactor
A
stabilizes phosphate as transfers to glucose
13
Q
how do allosteric regulators increase enzyme activity
A
by altering tertiary structure
14
Q
what is the effect of a competative inhibitor on vmax and km
A
km increases no effect on Vmax
15
Q
What is the relationship between Km and substrate concentration
A
equal
16
Q
What is the bottleneck effect
A
when population allele frequencies change in response to a random decrease in population size due to external events
17
Q
what is parallel evolution
A
two species with a recent common ancestor evolve a similar trait
18
Q
what are characteristics of germ positive
A
thick wall outer membrane absent
19
Q
what is positive sense viruses
A
type ssRNA have to be reverse transcribed
20
Q
In the ETC do the oxidation or reduction potentials increase as electrons move to next
A
reduction
21
Q
What are substrates for gluconeogensis
A
protein lipid lactate
22
Q
what does the commited step do
A
prevents diversion of substrate into another pathway
23
Q
What are found in mitochondrial matrix
A
citric acid enzymes and ribosomes
24
Q
What are 2 features about mitochondria
A
2 lipid bilayers, cristae
25
Does a folded or unfolded protein have higher entropy
unfolded
26
How do glycoglycerolipids and sphingolipids differ
in backbone
27
what proteins do chromatin condense around
histones
28
how do Histones and DNA interact
electrostatic
29
What is the process by which histones become less positive
histone acetylation (adding acetyl group)
30
which is short p or q arm
p
31
are centromeres highly conserved
no
32
What is main difference between primary and secondary active transport
primary direct consumption of ATP
33
What type of transport involves symporter
active
34
Can a tRNA correspond to more than 1 codon
yes
35
Does post-transcriptional modifications occur in prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
36
What direction are mRNA syntehsized
5' to 3'
37
What is the role of primers
site for enzyme to bind in order to replicate
38
What does palidromic mean
forward and reverse read the same
39
Where do restriction enzymes orgionally come from
Prokaryotes
40
What are the prokaryotic subunits
Prokaryotic subunits are 50s and 30s
41
What is the role of an inducer
blocks repressor from binding
42
What is heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is densely packed so appears dark
43
What is the molecular clock hypothesis
Genetic mutations occur at a steady state
44
what produces 4 germ cells
Spermatogenesis
45
what does basal body do
acts as motor for flagella
46
When lactose is present what bind to allow lac op-eron expression
allolactose
47
What are dissolution reactions and are they endo or exo
solvent dissolves in solute to form solution endo
48
What is something always soluble
chlorates
49
what is a solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture
50
is there a difference between genome of intestine and embryonic
no few minor Dif
51
When is lac expression low
high glucose low lactose
52
are promotors close or far to upstream target genes
close
53
are acetyl groups attached to histones or DNA nucleotides
histones
54
what are transcription factors for in eukaryote
direction transcription of specific genes
55
Does RNA silencing occurs post trancription or translation
transcription
56
If a protein is denatured what level of structure will be changed
secondary or higher
57
Does ATP or NADH have higher energy potential
NADH
58
Where is F1 portion of ATP synthase
inside mitochondrial matrix
59
why is an acidic aa a good buffer for physiological pH if H+ increases
can pick up H+ as they are deprotonated
60
Is flagella or cillia found in female reproductive tract
cilia
61
where does sperm latch
zona
62
what is cleavage division
no change in volume formation of morula
63
what is end product of gasturlation
ectoderm
64
what forms notochord
rod of mesodermal cells
65
what determines sex and on what chromosome
SRY on Y
66
cancer cells form new blood vessel connections what is this process called
Angiogenesis
67
what causes tumor cells to invade basment membrane
overexpression of proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix
68
What is depolarization
becoming less negative relative to resting membrane
69
How can the pyrmidine dimerization be fixed
expose to UV causing nucleotide base excisions
70
A mutagen is only outside body true or false
false
71
How is oxygen transported
passive down conc gradient
72
What do defensins target
broad spectrum fungi, virus, bacteria
73
what drives inhalation
negative pressure that's less than atmosphere
74
Someone who has RH factors has a ____ blood type
Positive
75
How is heart rate slowed down (by what)
Parasympathetic receptors on Vegas nerve
76
What does arthosclerosis affect
Arterial circulatory system specifically coronary arteries
77
What are the components of bile
The three major components of bile are pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts.
78
what does pepsin do
Pepsin begins the process of protein digestion in the stomach
79
does the liver synthesize digestive hormones
no
80
What are digested in stomach
protein
81
what organ in digestive system has lots of bacteria
large intestine
82
what are water soluble vitamins
B1 and C
83
what hormone inhibits digestion
somatostatin
84
what do lacteals connect
digestive to lymphatic system
85
Is the mobile phase for normal phase HPLC polar or nonpolar
non polar mobile phase
86
what is western blotting
antibodies applied to protein and separated using gel electrophoresis
87
What genetic inheritance pattern is not likely to show up in every generation
recessive
88
What type of barrier is blood brain
tight junction
89
What is transamination
transfer of amino group
90
Can bacteria transcribe human genes
yes
91
are trans or cis fatty acids more likely to be solid at room temp
trans
92
lipid soluble vitamins
A D E K
93
Which lipoprotein has least amount of protein compared to lipid
VLDL
94
are fatty acids soluble in aq solutions
partially
95
What is membrane potential based on
Relative conc of ions intra and extra
96
Why does K channels open after Na what is this delay
conformation change to open K takes longer
97
What do steriod hormones affect
gene expression in target cells
98
do steriod hormoens effects take effect slow or quick
slow
99
What are 2 facts about aa hormones
derived from single aa, can be hydrophobic/philic/amphipathic
100
Can peptide hormones pass through membrane and why
no because hydrophilic
101
What step of beta oxidation doesnt occur when there is a 3-4 double bond
step 1 so no fadh2
102
What do hormones from hypothalumus stimulate the release of other hormones from what
anterior pituitary
103
What is invovled in sperm maturation
hypothalumus and anterior pituitary
104
What does PTH do in terms of calcium
prevents calcium storage and stimulates osteoclast activity
105
what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone cortisol and androgens
106
what is posterior pituitary regulated by
hypothalamus
107
what type of stress does cortisol mediate
chronic stress
108
what could help hypertension
ACE and renin
109
What is the endpoitn of gycogenolysis
G6P
110
order of glycogen synthesis
G6P then G1P then UDP-glucose
111
what does not upregulate glycogenolysis
glucose
112
what is oxidative stage of PPP for
make NADPH to generate macromolecules
113
what prevents futile cycles from occuring
hormone and allosteric regulation
114
what are immunoglobulins made of
4 subunits 2 light 2 heavy
115
T cells attack cells with MCH1 what cells express this
tumor and virus
116
what are humoral immune components
memory B and plasma
117
what dont leukocytes prevent
dont prevent pathogens for entering
118
what T cells trigger appoptosis
CD8+
119
What responds to bacterial infections
neutrophils
120
what are involved in allergic response
basophils
121
what mediates acquired immune response
lymphocytes
122
what phase does oocyte spend most type
metaphase 2
123
what is external female genertelia called
vulva
124
in the descending loop of henley filtrate osmality ____ due to ___
increase, water reabsorption
125
what part of excretory system controls pH
kidney tubules
126
blood enters glomerular capillaries through ____ arterioles and exists through ____
affarent, efferent
127
in the collecting duct what is reabsorbed
water
128
in the distal tubule what is reabsorbed
ca
129
in the proximal tubule what is reabsorbed
valuable molecules
130
what causes decrease in LH
progesterone
131
what phase is discharge part of
follicular
132
what part of reproductive system is estrogen secreted from
ovarian follicule
133
if implantation hasn't occurred a pregnancy test would be __
false neg
134
what are osteons
cylindrical structures composed of concentric rings ofbone matrix
135
what differenciate into macrophages and dendric cells
monocytes
136
what responds to bacterial infection
neutrophils
137
where are T cells educated
thymus
138
do neutrophils respond quickly or after a while
quick
139
whats poorly soluble in hydrophilic
hydrocarbons, no charge
140
what stabalizes peptide bond
resonance
141
what is the process descirbing binding through complementary nucleotides
hybridization
142
what are eosinphils a type of
WBC
143
red blood cells dont contain what?
membrane bound organelle
144
what does aldosterone due and in what condition
inc Na absorption in collecting duct when BP low
145
whats the best way to sterlaize something in lab
autoclave
146
what is an example of cytoplasmic component
mitochondria
147
how does a single vs double crossover event differ
double is 2 places
148
glycogen storage is analoguos to what
fat synthesis
149
what does lactate indicate
high fermentation/metabolism
150
what happens to membrane fluidity in terms of cholesteral at high temps
cholesterol becomes more rigid
151
what eukaryotic organisims dont have nucleus
bacteria
152
what type of acid or base do aa act as
bronzed
153
what is example of homolohous structure
human arm and bat wing
154
what is below dermis
hypodermis
155
what happens if ATP doesnt bind to myosin head
stays contracted rigor state
156
what muscle band doesnt shorten in muscle contraction
A
157
what are fully or partially uninucleated
cardiac partially smooth fully
158
what step in muscle contraction is ATP hydrolyzed
Reuptake of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
159
what is calcium binding regulated by
action potentials
160
What steps of glycolysis needs to be bipassed in gluconeogensis and which of thsoe needs 2 enzymes
1, 3, 10
| 10 needs 2
161
what is dependent on the electron transport chain
all obligate aerobes
162
how can acetone be expelled
sweat smelling breath and sweat
163
where does glycolysis tank place
cytosol
164
how is genetic diversity increased in prok
conjunction
165
how does PKA effect fatty acid synthesis
activates/inc
166
what part of glycolysis does AMP affect and what way
3rd step activates
167
what is keratin part of (tissue)?
epithelial
168
hypotension is
low bp low Na and high K
169
repairing flagella requires what
proteins
170
in absence of coorperativity what does the conc vs fraction bound curve look liek
hyperbolic
171
what does a ligase catalyze
bond formation
172
what is delat G is delta H is negative and delta S is positive
neg
173
where is cytochrome c found
buried in membrane
174
what does citrate synthase catalyze
acetyl coa to citrate
175
what is product of beta ox
acetyl coa
176
what are charcteristics of gram positive cell
thick cell wall, membrane absent
177
eukaryote subunits
40s and 60s
178
do euk or prok do alternative splicing
eukaryote
179
what does cardiac arrest halt
oxygen transport, aerobic
180
what is difference between E and D
E 1 more Ch2
181
what is dendric hypertophy
more plentiful connections
182
how does emotion focused help stress
decreasing long term effects not problems
183
what does moderatign variable do
inc strength of relation
184
when do sister chromatids seperate
mitosis and meiosis 2
185
what separates in meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes
186
what is a repressor
binds and prevents translation
187
hyperglycemia results in what in urine
glucose and ketone bodies
188
what is deprotonated form of cysteine
-s-
189
western blot
what protein expressed
190
southern blot
specific dan sequences
191
what stage would be if wantex to halt mitosis
interphase
192
histone deacytlation ___ gene expression
decreases
193
egiplottes are part of
respiratory system
194
chemical synapses require movement through
inter membrane space
195
hydrogen bondign stabalizes what
secondary structure
196
how can g protein amplify
alpha subunit dissociates and interacts with multiple sites
197
shmear on PCR is because
protein degraded
198
what does cholesteral do to membrane fluidity
maintains fluidity
199
what fatty acids are foudn in lipid rafts
long and saturated
200
why cant dopamine cross membrane
its polar (only non polar small or gas cross)
201
can ions pass freely through membrane
nope
202
reducing activation energy increases rate of ___ rxn
foreward and reverse
203
allosteric regulation get same
Vmax
204
what causes action potentials
increased permeability to Na causing depolarization
205
genetic mutations in ____ cause proliferation and cancer
somatic cells
206
How many GHAP to get 2 pyruvate
2
207
what interactions to get dimer
hydrophobic
208
Iron in hemoglobin is
cofactor
209
where cant ketolysis occur
liver
210
cDNA doesn't have
introns
211
which can change shapes substrate or actvie site
both
212
peptide bonds are cleaved by
water
213
HB in alpha helix is btwn
carbonyl O in backbone and protonated N group
214
nonsense mutation is
replace stop codon
215
most tiem in cell cycle is what stage
G1
216
gettign more neg is
hyper polarization
217
adrneal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
218
blood type is multiple
alleles on 1 loci
219
what germ layer gives digestive system
endoderm
220
pnemonic for neurons
SAME DAVE
221
what part of male reproductieve needs ATP
sperm mobility
222
liver does not regualte
blood pressure
223
the most effectvie way to test somethings necessity
test for occurrence
224
___ is secreted into urine and ___ is reabsorbed
H, bicarbonate
225
lactose is broken down where
small intestine
226
what glad is not involved in excretory
adrenal
227
filtration is movement from ___ to ___
glomerulus to Bowmans capsule
228
blastopore gives rise to
anus
229
what are males in pedigree
circle
230
aldosterone increases ___ absorbtion and ___ secretion
Na, K
231
dihroxycholecaliferol is active form of
vitamin D
232
proteins adopt structures to maximize ___
entropy
233
pyruvate carboxylase does what
bypass first step of glycolysis in gluconeogenesis
234
hyperpolarization is
excess K eflux
235
glycogen syntahse creates ___ bond
alpha 1-4
236
size exclusion what comes out first
large
237
coenzymes are
things come off active site in reaction
238
nuclophilic attack in ADP generation is on
end P
239
how many acteyl coa are needed to get 8 carbon fatty acid
4
240
how many atp per 1 acetyl coa
12
241
a methylated gene cant be
cut
242
hypoxia is
oxygen deprivation
243
oragnic acid needs
CH bond
244
hyperaldosterone results in
low k in blood
245
glycosylation is post ___ modification
translation
246
what are pyrimidines
1 ring, TCU
247
blood brain barrier is a
tight junction
248
cell differntiation is cause by
gene expression
249
intestinal cells spend least time in
G0
250
extracellular fluids
plasma and lymph
251
if dna is not in chromosomes it has to
self replicate
252
ova producing cells undergo
uneven division
253
for antisense gene to work has to be
regulated in same manner and incorporated into cell
254
destruction of mRNA would cause
prevention of protein production and differentiation
255
Is plasmid single or double strand DNA
Double
256
What’s difference between absolute and relative refractory
Absolute can’t refire
257
Pnemonia should have
Lower WBC and neutrophils
258
Viruses are used therapeutically as
Vacciens
259
A virus that enters cytoplasm and kills is
Positive sense RNA
260
Low stomach pH causes
Bacteria degradation
261
Pepsin optimal pH
2
262
Order reproductive
Zygote marula blastula gasturala
263
Adipose tissue is ____ found __
Fat found in hypodermis
264
Integrins connect
Epithelial cells and connective tissue
265
Ligaments connect
Bone to bone
266
Osteoblasts ____ Ca2+
Decrease
267
high bp decreases ____ and increases ____
water reabsorption, filtration rate
268
succinate dehydrogenase uses nadh or fadh2
FAD
269
fatty acid synthesis needs _____ in _____
acetyl coA in cytosol
270
gluconeogenesis occurs where
liver and kidneys
271
what is oxidized ot generate proton gradient
nadh fadh2
272
first step of fatty acid synthesis includes.
reduction dehydration reduction
273
antibodies of different isotypes differ in
constant region
274
testosterone is synthesized from
cholesterol
275
why does ssDNA not need primer
3' end loops back
276
parathyroid removal would cause
hypocalcemia
277
T cells bind what
foreign antigen and MHC
278
bacteria subunits
30S and 50s total 70
279
to stay warm whta happens
vasoconstriction of arterioles
280
prions ____ and _____ help fix
misfiled proteins, heat shock
281
cD4+ T cells dont have
cytotoxic effect
282
linning in epithelial cells is in ____ cells
all
283
without ADH urine becomes
hypotonic
284
depolarization is making ___ positive
more
285
why cant lizards cool same way
have impermeable integument so can't sweat
286
why does dehydration cause kideny fialure
inadequate blood volume to do job
287
glutathione reduction needs
NADPH
288
phosphate groups form complexes with ___ in the ___
Mg2+ in active site
289
what can proceed with or without O2
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
290
transketolase is part of whta
non Ox of PPP
291
which dissolev more favorably phsopholipids or cholesteral in aq
phospholipids
292
what is the most efficient thing to get ATP from
fatty acids
293
tredmilling is when
grows + end shrink -
294
the second use of ATP in glycolysis requires
NAD+
295
what organism shave golgi apparatus
eukaryote
296
defects in cell membrane usually cause
inhibit cell transport
297
splicing is ____ modification, ____ becomes ____
transcription, dna, mRNA
298
cytochrome C carries how many electrons
1
299
best primers have
most GC and GC at 3' and 5' end
300
growth of yeast is faster in ___ conditions bc ___
aerobic, more atp
301
actin is a ___
microfilament
302
adhesions in capilalries lost goes to
vein
303
heat is like
atp production
304
is the iris directly invovled in perceiving light
no
305
why are paramicium different then other cells
service independently
306
when no O2 there is no
acetyl coa
307
veins carry ___ blood and arteries carry ___ blood
deox, ox
308
in acidic environemtn Pco2 is __
high
309
polypeptide is cleaved by
proteases
310
endoderm results in ___ ectoderm results in ___
- lung digestive thyroid
| - skin, nervous, mouth
311
lower kd means
more effective at inhibiting
312
how is cAMP dif than AMP
has cyclic phosphate
313
in a G protein when does alpha subunit become unbound
gtp hydrolyzed to gdp
314
glycogen phosphorylase only cuts if ___ residues away from ___
4, branch point
315
which compex doesnt pump H out
2
316
is G3P produced in PPP
yes
317
water exists cell when more solute ___
outside
318
which of adp amp atp inc glycolysis
amp
319
Km is equal to
k-1 +k2/k1
320
for microfilament to remain same size needs to be
capped
321
antibitotics dont
induce mutations
322
repolarization is __ in membrane potential
dec
323
blood pressure is lowest in ___ it dec as __
veins, moves away from heart (arteries highest)
324
endocytosis is ____ transport
active
325
verterbrae have a closed____
circulatory system
326
macrophages rearrage what
actin
327
what is yellow bone marrow
fat/energy
328
what does carbonic anhydrise do
CO2 to carbonic acid
329
what is checkpoint for DNA rep? when is dna rep?
G2-M, G2 rep
330
lymph backflow is prevented with
valves
331
dorsal root ganglion is for
sensation
332
SSRI and MOI do what
inc dopamine and serotonin extracellualry
333
chondrocytes do what
maintain cartilage
334
ACE inhibitors
lower aldosterone, inc K reabsorb
335
almost all organelles are inhereted from
mother
336
bile flow
liver> gall Blatter> ducts> duodenum
337
neutrophils are only thing that uses
free radicals
338
function of nephron isnt dependent on
urine or food intake
339
red blood cells dont have ___ so they dont do __
mitochondria/nucleus, ox phos/CAC
340
HMG-coa reductase does
cholesterol in smooth ER
341
lipids go where after synthesis
inner leaflet
342
Q is ___ favor prod
less
343
myoglobin has how many binding sites
1
344
what is nto done to make rxn favorable
temp
345
what triggers gluconeogenesis
epinephrine (fight or flight)
346
what inhibits 1st steo of PPP
acetyl coA
347
nucleotides participate in
genetic info, energy, steroid hormone
348
if clamp blood flow kidneys respond to ___
dec blood pressure
349
vasoconstriction resulting in high BP is in whta type of muscle
smooth
350
if ulcer penetrated intestine contents end up where?
peritoneal cavity
351
bone loss is from
dec osteoblast, inc osteoclast
352
men and women have different
bone density
353
HB can make
spon
354
what is reducing agent used in gels and what does reduce lieklihood of
2-mercaptoethanol, disulphide bond formation
355
blood travels slowest where and why
capillaries largest combined area
356
adaptive radiation is process of
something arises from single ancestor
357
independent assortment is btwn
homologous chromosomes
358
what does it mean to be hybrid vigor or heterosis
heterozygous advantageous, homo deadly
359
where ADH secreted
hypothalamus
360
whats low during menstration
estrogen and progesterone
361
sympatric speciation is when
no physical barrier
362
rapid high frequency action potentials are
wave summation
363
digestive enzymes needed for sperm to do what
dissolve ovum allow to enter
364
the sympathetic nervous system needs what NT
norepinephrine
365
things that dont drain in liver are
lipid soluble (vitamin A D E K)
366
autimune disease are often
genetic
367
disulfide bonds are part of what level structure
tertiary
368
typical rate vs pH curve is
hyperbolic
369
low pI makes
more soluble
370
opiod overdose cells die why
no ATP
371
transkeletase does what
glyceraldehyde 3 phos to fructose 6 phos in PPP
372
hypertonic means more solute where
in cell
373
more fluid means more ___ fatty acids
unsaturated
374
Euk have ____ chromosomes
multilinear
375
(-) RNA needs
RNA polymerase
376
HCl needs
proton pump
377
helper T cells
macrophages, B cells
378
in the ascending loop osmalrity ____ as _____ is removed
decreases, salt
379
restriction enzymes bind where on DNA
major groove
380
what NT for parasympathetic
acetyl choline
381
class 1 retrotransposon
dna> rna, rna> dna, make 1 copy transposon
382
in the decending loop osmalrity ____ as _____ is removed
increases, water
383
can purines bind to pyrimidines
yes
384
can pH activate zymogen
yes
385
how does acetyl coa cross
coz removed and acetyl cross with enzyme
386
in electrophoresis the anode is
positive
387
where does glycolysis occur
all cells
388
squarining conc does what to potential
inc by 2
389
is sds a reducing agent
nope beta marathol is
390
what does allostaric inhibition do
lower Vmax
391
what group is found in histidine
imidazole
392
alpha C is where on aa
where R group comes off
393
which is higher NADP+ or NADPH
NADPH
394
LDL can
inc intracellular cholesterol
395
difference btwn nucleotide and nucleoside
both base and sugar nucleotide has P
396
irreversible steps are
highly negative G
397
which has higher affinity hexokinase or glucokinase
hexokinase
398
1 mol of glucose to ____ ethanol
2
399
PEP to pyruvate with what enzyme
pyruvate kinase
400
GLUT4 does what
uptake triggered by insulin
401
GLUT2 is
insulin independent (liver, kidney, pancreas)
402
constant calcium release means
constant muscle contraction (tetanic)
403
is size most important for solubility
no
404
testosterone after puberty
diffuses in circulatory system
405
pnemonic for reproductive
more blasting gas im nervous
406
viruses kill in which stage
lytic
407
UTR means
untranslated region
408
primers in PCR for each
strand
409
mature mRNA is made of
UTR coding region poly A
410
pepsin does what
breaks polypeptide to aa
411
denaturing affects what level of structure
secondary, tertiary, quart
412
layer on top is
less dense
413
whats never transfered in breast milk? what is transfered?
never: T is: antibodies
414
viruses are
haploid
415
crossing over occurs when
prophase on meiosis 1
416
Cartilaginous joints move ____ an example ___
little, btwn discs
417
what is found in euk and prok transcription
repressor, enhancer, promotor
418
Edwards syndrome is
trisomy 18
419
Autonomic system is for ____
unconscious
420
paracrine is ____ juxtacrine is _____
nearby, adjacent
421
prok replictaion is ____
quickly few checkpoints
422
what does not have S phase
meiosis 2
423
where do post transcription modifications take place
nucleus where transcribed
424
glycogen phosphorylase does what
cleaves 7 units of alpha 1-4
425
gluconeogenesis specific enzymes
glucose 6 phosphotase, fructose 1-6 bispohosphotase PEP carboxykinase pyuruvate carboxylase
426
to have most fluid membrane fatty acids are
unsaturated, then shorter
427
2 high energy moleucles combine and release ____ which is degraded to
PPi to Pi
428
large intestine order
cecum colon rectum
429
osteoblasts
reduce ca circulating
430
genetic bottleneck
reduce gene pool bc reduce pop
431
hydrophilic
water liking polar
432
dec venous return means
less CO so less return to right atrium
433
why does someone get light headed standing up
blood pools lower so when stand less near heart
434
small intestine order
duodenum, jejenum, ilenum
435
max obsorbence is
opposite side of visible spectrum
436
transduction
transfer DNA with virus
437
transformation
incorporate DNA directly from exogenous material
438
cilia and flagella are
microtubules
439
what does operator bind
repressor to turn off
440
aa in membrane are
hydrophobic always
441
less acidic H in molecule makes it more
basic
442
seizures are from
excitatory signals
443
High BP means ___ water reabsorbed and ___ blood osmarality
less, low
444
High blood osmarity means
highly conc so wants to hold onto water
445
what is role of sertoli cells
nourish sperm
446
role of Leydig cells
produce testosterone
447
synapsis is
pairing of homologous chromosomes
448
faculattive anerobe
with or without O2 respiration
449
complex 2 transfers e- to
coenzyme Q
450
whats inside of liposome
aqueous
451
do melanocytes move
no
452
heart contraction order
atria slow then ventricle
453
what effect is expectedd with negative control
no
454
alpha pancreatic cells release
glucagon
455
methylation ____ transcription
dec
456
calmodulin binds
ca
457
if on external surface of virus made where
ER
458
hnRNA is same as
pre mRNA
459
delta G is not ___
pH dependent
460
to break bond can use
water
461
can glucose make proteins
no
462
Na/K pump: ____ K ____ for ____ Na ___
2 K in 3 Na out
463
what are not soluble
chlorides
464
equivalence points=
groups protonated/de
465
is promotor in exon or intron
exon
466
where is last part water reabsorbed
collecting duct
467
role of Na K ATPase
restore membrane
468
type of diffusion for hydrophobic
simple
469
specificity refers to
type
470
mroe proteins menas need more
mRNA
471
bacterial chromosome is
circle
472
nucleotide bond
phosphodiester (leaves 5' phos and 3' OH free)
473
feedback of cortisol is _____ low cortisol ___
negative, stimulates CRH to then release ACTH and inc level
474
glucocortaroids
inc protein degradation
475
endomembrane is for
modifying proteins for secretion
476
diabetes ___ appetite bc
inc bc breaking down fats for energy
477
what is amonium from in body and how does it get out
byproduct of aa metabolism, converted to urea
478
do nucleotides have phosphates if so how many
yes 1-multiple
479
oil is
hydrophobic
480
L and D aa are
enantiomers
481
stop codons
UAG UAA UGA
482
what are not in prok DNA
no telomeres and no histones
483
prokaryotes transport stuff to ____ to secrete bc they dont have
plasma membrane, membrane bound (golgi)
484
why is there mosaic model of expression in female heterozygous
random inactivation of x
485
coding strand is ___ sequence as mRNA
same
