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Biology 107 Midterm 1 > Bio 107 Macromolecules > Flashcards

Bio 107 Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons are the ……. of the cell?

A

Building blocks

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2
Q

Although cells are 70-95% water what other 4 compounds are they made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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3
Q

Complex molecules built on carbon are called organic molecules or…?

A

Hydrocarbons

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4
Q

Macromolecules are?

A

Simple organic molecules combining, a major component of living cells

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5
Q

Polymers are?

A

Larger molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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6
Q

The four classes of macromolecules are?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

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7
Q

All macromolecules are formed using the same mechanism which is?

A

Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

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8
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Adds a water molecule breaking a bond

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9
Q

Dehydration is?

A

Removes a water molecule forming a new bond

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10
Q

Diverse groups of hydrophobic molecules because they consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen connected by non polar covalent bonds

A

Lipids

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11
Q

The most biologically important lipids are?

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

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12
Q

Fats or triacylgycerols are?

A

Molecules used to store energy in a variety of organisms

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13
Q

How fats/ TAGS constructed

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids strung together through dehydration synthesis.

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14
Q

Difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats have single bonds and will be solid at room temp. And their common name is “fat”
Unsaturated fats have double bonds and will be liquid at room temperature and their common name is oil.

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15
Q

What are phospholipids similar to

A

they are similar to TAGs but one of the fatty acids is replaced with polar phosphate group.

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16
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water loving

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17
Q

Phospholipids are amphipathic which means?

A

Phosphate head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

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18
Q

Phospholipids form?

A

Membranes

19
Q

Molecules that have a specific arrangement of carbon rings?

A

Steroids

20
Q

Steroids include?

A

Sex hormones, cholesterol, cortisone

21
Q

Carbohydrates are also called?

A

Sugars or saccharides.

22
Q

Carbohydrates are characterized by?

A

Having multiple alcohol groups (C-OH) and carbonyl groups (C=O)

23
Q

A single monomer is?

A

Monosaccharide (3-7 carbons)

24
Q

Carbohydrate polymers are?

A

Disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

25
Q

Glycosidic linkage is?

A

Monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis

26
Q

Used to provide structure, and as an energy storage molecule

A

Polysaccharides

27
Q

Starch

A

Common energy storage molecule in plants

28
Q

Glycogen

A

Used for energy storage in animals

29
Q

Cellulose

A

Very tough and useful for cell walls in plants; cellulose is tough to break down for animals

30
Q

Chitin

A

Similar to cellulose but contain nitrogen, used in fungi and animals

31
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Used in the cell wall of bacteria

32
Q

Protein functions include?

A

Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defence against foreign substances

33
Q

Proteins are polymers of?

A

Amino acids

34
Q

Each amino acid has an?

A

Amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a unique side chain giving the amino acid a distinct chemical property

35
Q

Amino acids form what by what?

A

Polypeptides, dehydration synthesis

36
Q

Where are the polypeptides manufactured and what do they do to form proteins?

A

Ribosome, fold

37
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure? And explain what each one does

A

Primary: the unique sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Single alterations in sequence can have large effects

Secondary: hydrogen bonds causes sections to coil (a-helix) or stack (b-sheet)

Tertiary: the “fold” of the protein.

Quaternary: several polypeptides combine together to form a functional macromolecule

38
Q

Protein desaturation:

A

Chemical agents or changes in PH, temperature, or salt concentration may cause this complex structure to unravel. The protein is said the denature

39
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

40
Q

What are nucleotides are made of?

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

41
Q

….. and …… are nucleic acids responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information

A

DNA and RNA

42
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material (the blueprints for making proteins)

43
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Transmits information

44
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or GTP (guanosine triphosphate) do what?

A

Provide energy to drive the cellular process such as muscle contractions, nerve impulse, propagation and chemical synthesis

Biology 107 Midterm 1 (6 decks)

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