BIO 15-20 (smart classmates) Flashcards

Question

What is the earliest cranium made out of?

Answer 1

-Known as hagfish -Do not have a true vertebral column -First group with a cranium -Cartilage protects their brain (no bone yet) -Nearly blind -Finds found through sensory tentacles -Are relatively sessile and have low metabolic rates

Answer 2

It is a hardened structure made out of cartilage that protects the brain.

Answer 3

They excrete a thick slime into the environment that basically clogs the gills of its predators which causes them to suffocate and die.

Answer 4

Their new characteristic is that they have a true vertebral column

Answer 5

Become distinct due to the presence of a vertebrate (First true vertebrates) -Are jawless -Are parasitic -Have a small cerebellum -Have sensory structures such as eyes well, two-pairs of semicircular canals -Well established in great lakes -Defined CNS

Answer 6

Responsible for balance and equillibrium

Answer 7

he larvae of petromyzontida (hagfish)

Answer 8

-M/F hagfish seek out riffle areas and create a crescent shaped nests with gravel and small stones -They place their fertilized eggs among the gravel which hatch a few weeks later -Larvae emerge from the nests and drift downstream. -These larvae will burrow into silt and will remain there for 3-5 years until they mature. -adult parasites will leave silt as sea lampreys and feed on fish. *** each adult lamprey will spend 12-18 months in the lakes and destroy up to 40 pound of fish.

Answer 9

Hagfish are a highly invasive species and they are causing a decline in the fish population in great lakes. It has commercial affects because fishing companies cannot take to market fish that have been bitten and there is a decrease in fish population.

Answer 10

Sensory structures that are the earliest development of ear canals

Answer 11

Sensation of feeling dizzy

Answer 12

Any species that moves into a havitat that is not native to them and they over compete against the native species

Answer 13

Eye -Nostril -Buccal tunnel -External gill slits - Anterior dorsal fin -Caudal fin -Tail -Cloacal aperture

Answer 14

A pesticide used to try to control sea lamprey populations. This pesticide specifically targets the larval stage of the sea lamprey.

Answer 15

Chondrichthyes

Answer 16

Holocephali and elasmobranchii

Answer 17

They begin to have jaws.

Answer 18

Ichthyology

Answer 19

means having cartilage

Answer 20

It allows for efficient hydrodynamic movement

Answer 21

-about 900 species -Cartilaginous skeleton -oily liver -5-7 pairs of external gill slits -3 pairs of semicircular canals -Almost all viviparous -two chambered heart -heterocercal caudal fin -pelvic claspers -placoid scales -ventral. outh and polyphydont teeth

Answer 22

It plays a dual function where it takes care of toxins in the body and regulate fat. It is also now full of vacuoles that help it maintain buoyancy.

Answer 23

giving birth to live young

Answer 24

being born from an egg

Answer 25

Helps male sharks keep female sharks in place since they are not as willing to mate. The claspers attach to the females and inflict pain if they begin to move too much or try to fight the male sharks.

Answer 26

They keep constantly growing where older teeth are in the front and newer teeth are in the back.

Answer 27

Heterocercal (shark) Diphycercal (lungfish) Homocercal (perch)

Answer 28

The heterocercal tail

Answer 29

-Placoid scales (cartilaginous fishes) -Ganoid scales (nonteleost bony fishes) -Cycloid scales (teleost fishes) -Ctenoid scales (teleost fishes)

Answer 30

Having placoid scales

Answer 31

top chamber of the heart

Answer 32

bottom chamber of the heart

Answer 33

asymmetrical tail

Answer 34

Having a symmetrical tail

Answer 35

having a symmetrical tail but it also comes to a point

Answer 36

each scale has little tiny spines that give it a sand paper feel

Answer 37

diamond like scales

Answer 38

overlapping circular scales

Answer 39

circular/square shape with little spines at the end

Answer 40

Type of teeth humans have; having two sets of teeth

Answer 41

They have neuromast cells that are found in the lateral line that act as mechanoreceptors and detect movement in the water

Answer 42

They have ampullae of lorenzini which are sensory cells that are sensitive to electrical potentials and detect prey, which gives off a weak magnetic field.

Answer 43

-They have chemoreception which aids in their amazing smell and can detect 1 part per 10 billion - hammer heads specifically have stereo smell and really good vision.

Answer 44

They have jelly filled canals that are concentrated in the rostrum that are electroreceptive; electrical pulses are then passed onto a bundle of nerves (known as ampullae of larenzini) that sits at the base of these canals.

Answer 45

Holocephali are includes the ratfish and rays and have 4 gill slits opening. Elasmobranchii includes the sharks and has 5-7 fill slits.

Answer 46

-Know as rabbitfish, ratfish, spookfish, ghostfish (25 species) - remnants left of a line that diverged from the shark lineage during the devonian era (300 mya) -Have jaws that bear large flat plates, upper jaw is fused to cranium, and have a grinding dentition (bottom jaw) -Have bizarre shapes and are not well understood, rarely caught but are beautifully colored and iridescent

Answer 47

-Skates have an elongated but thick tail stalk that supports two dorsal finds and a terminal caudal fin, they are also oviparous. Rays have a whiplike tail, and its fins are replaced with one or more enlarged, serrated, and venomous dorsal barbs; viviparous.

Answer 48

1) Rays are normally larger 2) Skates are oviparous while rays are viviparous 3) Skates have a thick and long tail stalk while rays have a whiplike and venomous tail.

Answer 49

Osteichthyes (have bone)

Answer 50

Actinopyterygii (ray finned) and Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

Answer 51

-Known as the ray finned fish -adapted to radiation in Devonian age (age of the fish) -Includes 27,000 species -Have a bony skeleton -Have a homocercal tail -Have ganoid scales in ancestral forms and cycloid or ctenoid scales in derived forms -Have pairs fins that are supported by lepidotrichia (sharp ray like bones in fins).

Answer 52

Was 300 mya and is known as the age of the fish.

Answer 53

They are sharp ray-like bones in the fins that provide structure and protection.

Answer 54

Boney covers over the gills of fish

Answer 55

Lateral line -Dorsal fin -Caudal fin -Anal fin -pectoral fin -pelvic fin -gills -operculum

Answer 56

Respiration is accomplished through their gills. The gills have a counter-current exchange system that allows respiration to occur.

Answer 57

It aids in the buoyancy in fishes. In chondrichthyes they have large oily livers with vacuoles in the liver cells that increase pressure and allows for movement in the water column In actinopterygii, they have gas bladders that adjust with water and aid in movement in the water column.

Answer 58

Commonly known as the lobe-finned fish

Answer 59

-They had morphological characteristics that were superficially similar to amphibians -There are 8 extant species within 2 orders -They have a diphycercal tail -Fertilization can be external or internal -The big change: was the beginning of the evolution of lungs.

Answer 60

The Dipnoi order. This class is closest to amphibians

Answer 61

-Australian lungfish -African lungfish -South American Lungfish

Answer 62

Are the ancestral forms and had one lung, were aquatic, and rely on gills but can use lung as a backup. -They swim by slow body undulations or through “walking” with fins and similar to early amphibians -Use single lung when stressed

Answer 63

-Have tiny gills and rely more on their lungs. -Can drown if they are prevented from using its paired lungs -Highly mobile paired appendages -Undergo estivation (African lungfish) -First time we begin to see a true transition from living in the sea to life on land.

Answer 64

Ways that an organism accomplishes torpor by avoiding dry, hot weather

Answer 65

educing your metabolic rate and decreasing your energy demands

Answer 66

Having an amniotic egg

Answer 67

-Testudines (turtles) -Squamata (lepidosauria) -Crocodilia

Answer 68

-Serpentes (snakes) -Lacertilia (Lizards)

Answer 69

-Includes the reptiles, birds, mammals, and amniotes

Answer 70

They have an amniotic egg now that they are in terrestrial ecosystems which have been fully colonized by them -They have waterproof skin -Have costal ventilation using paired lungs (which is movement of the ribs)

Answer 71

Testudines

Answer 72

They retain their eggs inside without laying it out

Answer 73

They now have scales, feathers, fur and waterproof skin

Answer 74

It enhances their respiration by using their ribs to expand the space in the lungs to allow extra oxygen to come in. This is important b/c reptiles take on a much larger form and need more oxygen.

Answer 75

-Leathery Shell -Chorion -Allantois -Yolk sac -Embryo

Answer 76

Amnion Allantois Chorion Yolk Sac

Answer 77

Purple sac that directly cushions the embryo and provides protection and support

Answer 78

Where the developing embryo stores its waste

Answer 79

Thin white layer that allows for gas exchange to occur with the external environment

Answer 80

Where the embryo receives its nutrition from

Answer 81

Better developed lungs Tough, dry scaly skin that offers protection against desiccation and physical injury Amniotic egg permits rapid development of large young in relatively dry environments Have an efficient and versatile circulatory system and higher blood pressure than amphibians Have efficient strategies for water conservation Nervous system is much more complex

Answer 82

Drying out

Answer 83

B/c of their hard shells and low metabolic needs. Turtles, crocodiles, and birds have been the only species that have survived mass environmental catastrophes.

Answer 84

The eunotosaurus africanus which lives 260 mya during the permian (before the age of the dinos)

Answer 85

-Pleurodires -Cryptodires

Answer 86

-Known as side-necked turtles -Live in the southern hemisphere

Answer 87

Can bend their neck to the side to afford their protections yet it is not as efficient b/c is still leaves their neck exposed

Answer 88

-Hidden necked turtles -Live in the Northern Hemisphere -about 350 species total

Answer 89

Their cervical vertebrae allows them to bend it so that the turtles can fully pull their neck into their shell.

Answer 90

There has been no selective pressure for turtles to get rid of their shell and therefore have not evolved any other traits that we commonly see such as being able to glide, slide, or live high up on trees.

Answer 91

-Neck -Ribs -Fused Vertebrae -Carapace -Plastron

Answer 92

The top of a turtles’s shell

Answer 93

The bottom of a turtles shell

Answer 94

Anapsid (turtles) -Synapsid (mammals) -Diapsid (other reptiles/birds)

Answer 95

Posterior to the orbit

Answer 96

Has no opening posterior to its orbit

Answer 97

Has 1 opening posterior to its orbit

Answer 98

Has 2 openings posterior to its orbit

Answer 99

-Turtles do no have sex chromosomes -They have temperature sex determination where gender is determined by the temperature they were in during incubation

Answer 100

Cooler temps. leads to males and hotter temps. lead to females

Answer 101

Global warming can cause a giant skew towards one gender because as the ground warms up, then it will affect temperature sex determination (for turtles we would se more and more females being born over males)

Answer 102

(Lepidosauria) - Common name is Lizards and snakes

Answer 103

The Serpentes (aka the snakes)

Answer 104

Elapids and Vipers

Answer 105

The Colubrid

Answer 106

The cobras and coral snakes

Answer 107

The garter snakes

Answer 108

Out of 3,900 species, only about 600 (15%) of them are actually venomous.

Answer 109

Elapids produce neurotoxins while vipers produce hemotoxins.

Answer 110

Venom that are destructive to nerve tissue

Answer 111

Venom that specifically targets red blood cells which affects tissues and internal organs.

Answer 112

Them have a swollen posterior where venom glands are stored. A typical sign of a snake being venomous is if they have a swollen head (bicycle seat looking head)

Answer 113

They are non venomous but kill their prey by constricting them to death.

Answer 114

It is also called the loreal pit; it allows for the detection of infrared radiation (heat) that is given off by other organisms.

Answer 115

Snakes have an immensely fast strike and they have fangs as sharp as hypodermic needles. Adult snakes can also have a dry bite where no venom is released from their fangs when they bite.

Answer 116

-Snakes have highly kinetic skulls which allows them to eat organisms that are much bigger than they are.

Answer 117

They have a vomeronasal organ (also called Jacobson’s organ) -They extend and flap out their tongues which captures odor particles from its environment and are mixed with fluids in the mouth which are then delivered to the ducts that lead to the vomeronasal organ. -The mouth is connected to Jacobson’s organ. -This process increased their ability to smell.

Answer 118

Not rigidly attached and connects the maxilla and dentary which allows the jaw to be more flexible. The quadrate bone pivots vertically and horizontally which allows the jaw to rotate.

Answer 119

The lower jaws of snakes are not fully connected. It is actually two pieces that are connected by an elastic ligament which allows each side of the jaw to move independently from one another.

Answer 120

Lacertilia (aka the lizards)

Answer 121

-Includes approximately 7,000 species -Drastically range in sizes from 16mm geckos to 3m komodo dragons

Answer 122

Sphaerodactylus

Answer 123

A fossil from the Pleistocene era that was found in australia and was 5.5 m long which would be the largest lizard alive.

Answer 124

The largest family of lizards that includes the komodo dragons and the monifers

Answer 125

The Pleistocene era

Answer 126

Some lizards can drop their tail as a defense mechanism but can only do it once in their life span. Their tail is replaced by a cartilaginous rod.

Answer 127

They have to be very selective of when and if they drop their tail because females will favor males that have not dropped their tail. This is because having dropped your tail signifies to the females that the male came really close to death and might not be a good mate for protection.

Answer 128

They are able to camouflage into their surroundings to hide from predators.

Answer 129

There are all sorts of different forms that lizards can take such as iguanas, chameleons, and those that have horns in their exterior for protection.

Answer 130

here is a worm like lizard called the Amphisbaenia. Which is a legless lizard that is fossorial, and the shape of its head allows them to be efficient diggers.

Answer 131

Crocodilia

Answer 132

Alligatoridae Crocodylidae Gavialidae

Answer 133

They survived the dino extinction and are the most closely related relative to birds.

Answer 134

Includes 28 species of crocs that is divided into 3 families Most are semiaquatic Although they are big and bulky, they can move relatively fast in land (some can gallop) They have a laterally compressed tail, and have a dorsal-ventrally flattened body/head -They also have a jaw strength that can easily snap human bones

Answer 135

Includes the alligators and caimans. Predominantly new world and live in freshwater. Are also less aggressive and are more likely to run away from danger or if spooked.

Answer 136

True crocs Cosmopolitan (all over) -Mainly live in saltwater -Freshwater species are euryhaline

Answer 137

Where salt water and freshwater meet

Answer 138

The most aggressive species of crocodiles

Answer 139

-Have a very narrow snout -Piscivorous

Answer 140

Feed on fish

Answer 141

Alligators have a broad snout while crocs have a snout that comes to a point. A gharial has a very thin and pointy snout. In alligators, the first teeth we see stick out are from the upper jaw. In crocs, the first teeth we see stick out are from the bottom jaw.

Answer 142

Alligators take on active parenting roles by doing things such as bringing food to their young.

Answer 143

Crocs are temperature sex dependent and do not have sex chromosomes.

Answer 144

-Are sit and wait attackers and will surprise attack its prey by jumping out of the water -Have huge powerful jaw muscles that can easily disable its prey -Typically drag prey into water to quickly drown its prey -Will tear (dismember) its prey apart -Will utilize the death roll (which is axial rotation) to easily subdue its prey

Answer 145

-11,000 species - worldwide distribution -one of the most beloved groups of vertebrate animals - Very diverse in form and function, but they have underlying uniformities - First birds appeared during the Jurassic age

Answer 146

They all have feathers

Answer 147

Birds evolved from the transitional species called Archaeopteryx. This species had both reptilian and bird characteristics.

Answer 148

Toothed beak - Wing claw - Airfoil wing with contour feathers - Long tail with many vertebrae

Answer 149

Ornithology

Answer 150

With boney fish

Answer 151

They have a body spindle-shape with 4 divisions; the head, neck, trunk, and tail

Answer 152

They have a fully ossified skeleton with air cavities. These cavities allow the birds to be less dense which is important for birds that are capable of flying.

Answer 153

they do not have teeth, they only have a beak

Answer 154

They have a large cerebellum with advanced optic lobes. This is important because it gives the birds balance and stability

Answer 155

They have a four chambered heart and it is fully divided between the left and right sides. Birds are the first animals on the planet to have a true 4 chamber heart.

Answer 156

Birds have two cycles of respiration with air constantly moving over its lungs

Answer 157

Birds are endothermic

Answer 158

They do not have a bladder, they have uric acid main waste which is combination of its poop and liquid waste.

Answer 159

Are either precocial or altricial

Answer 160

The Passeriformes (known as the song birds) are the most diverse order of birds. Which includes 6,500 species. These birds have a syrinx which allows them to use their vocals to create songs.

Answer 161

They have internal fertilization and are oviparous

Answer 162

Separates Deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood

Answer 163

Mammals and birds maintain a constant internal temperature.

Answer 164

Young that are helpless at birth and completely rely on parental care for survivorship

Answer 165

Young that are ready to withstand their environment as soon as they are born

Answer 166

Is a specialized characteristics for the production of song.

Answer 167

-From the Trees Down Hypotheses -From the Ground up Hypotheses

Answer 168

ncestors of birds were arboreal and their feather allowed them to glide/jump from tree to tree and over time these short glides became longer until they were able to fully fly over longer distances.

Answer 169

Birds lived and ran on the ground and their feathers allowed them to have short spurts of galloping and moments of airlifting off the ground. Over time, as speed increased and birds had better developed feathers, birds were able to use their speed to take off and begin to fly.

Answer 170

Living in trees

Answer 171

-Having wings and feathers for lift and propulsion -Wing length and taper wings reduce drag -Birds must overcome drag and gravity to be able to fly -Reduction in mass; shown through having no urinary bladder, only have one ovary, and having small gonads -Having powered muscles -Having large hearts -Two cycles of respiration (complex lungs) -Having big brains -Having a stiff/fused vertebral column -Having pneumatized bones

Answer 172

Wings that are angled and slighted bended down at the tip. Best way to overcome drag and gravity.

Answer 173

Is friction that is created as you move through the air.

Answer 174

Having pneumatized bones and a keeled sternum

Answer 175

Bones that have air pockets throughout

Answer 176

allows for additional surface area for flight muscles to grow

Answer 177

A Because the bones are birds are filled with air pockets, birds can easily break their bones

Answer 178

hey are flight feathers and are asymmetrical

Answer 179

Some feathers have aftershafts which attach at the base of contour feathers. Aftershaft feathers are used for insulation

Answer 180

Have a tactile/sensory functions and are found near the face

Answer 181

Are used for insulation and for waterproofing the body of the bird.

Answer 182

Birds have a 4 chambered heart and they are endothermic animals. -They have air sacs in their lungs that allows birds to have 2 cycles of inhalation and exhalation to move oxygen throughout their system. - Birds have constant flow of air through their lungs, which is highly efficient for their active lifestyle.

Answer 183

Cycle 1: During inspiration, air is moved towards the posterior air sac and then the air flows OVER the lungs. Cycle 2: Air moved from over the lungs and towards the anterior air sacs is then going through expiration. As this is happening, air is also filling the posterior air sacs (cycle 1).

Answer 184

t is to double the oxygen efficiency in their body since they have very high metabolic rates.

Answer 185

Passeriformes

Answer 186

Have a specialized structure for the complex creation of sound known as the syrinx.

Answer 187

They have excellent vision, some species have huge eyes relative to their body size (hawks, owls, eagles)

Answer 188

Having good eye sight is essential for safe flight.

Answer 189

They have hearing similar to humans even though birds have small ‘ears’. They have a modification in their ear bones to allow for this hearing to occur.

Answer 190

Owls have specialized hearing that allows them to locate prey in the dark. They are also able to locate prey in horizontal and vertical planes.

Answer 191

Birds are known to be really smart and have advances in the development of their cerebral cortex. Some birds are believed to be able to talk and understand human language as well as be able to solve puzzles. Some of these species are the Psittacine and Corvid Birds

Answer 192

Responsible for conscious thought and actions

Answer 193

e.g Parrots

Answer 194

The most extreme migration on the planet. Where birds spend the summer in the Artic and then migrate to Antartica.

Answer 195

-Some species move halfway across the world - Birds need be able to navigate well and have endurance to be able to migrate - 40% of birds migrate seasonally (5 billion birds per year) -Banding studies has shown origins, pathways, and destinations of bird migration

Answer 196

How birds know where to go and why

Answer 197

Leaving one area and coming back to that same area at some point

Answer 198

The cold is intolerable to birds since they are endothermic animals. They also migrate to help reduce competition if there go towards an area that has more resources based on seasons. -Food resources decrease in the winter -Avoid winter climates and winter storms -Reduce competition

Answer 199

-They use UV light and Polarized light to help navigate certain landmarks to help them move from point A to point B - They use the sun as a compass - Odors (when they begin to get close to where they are going, they can detect familiar smells) - Magnetism (can utilize the earth’s magnetic fields for navigation -Use the stars as compasses

Answer 200

Love of home

Answer 201

Landscape changes and human development is in essence leaving birds stranded from location they would previously migrate towards. -As these stop over areas decrease it is increasing the mortality rates of birds

Answer 202

They are all sub classes* -Monotremata -Marsupialia - Plancentalia

Answer 203

They can all produce milk and have mammary glands in which they use to nourish their young

Answer 204

-5500 species -originated in the Triassic Era but their diversity was limited until the Cenozoic Era -They all lactate to feed their young - Half of the mammal diversity is made up of rodents - Have a huge morphological diversity (bats v. whale v. Giraffe v. Mole)

Answer 205

The Chiroptera! These are the bats

Answer 206

The Rodentia! Includes 2,200 species

Answer 207

Lack nipples and instead part of their skin is modified into mammary glands and their young directly such on their skin to get milk. Monotremes are also oviparous

Answer 208

Have nipples -Have very short gestation periods -Their development is completed in their mother’s pouch

Answer 209

Young are developed in the placenta

Answer 210

have hair Have glandular skin that includes sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands -Have middle ear bones -Have diphydont teeth that are either homodont or heterodont -Have moveable eyelids -Have fleshy external ears -Four chambered heart -Non nucleated biconcave red blood cells -Alveolar lungs -Defined larynx -Paired kidneys with urinary bladder -Have more complex brain development (cerebral cortex) -Young are nourished by milk from the mammary glands

Answer 211

Used for temperature control and to regulate internal body temp

Answer 212

Used to attract mates

Answer 213

Secretes sebum to help keep the skin moist

Answer 214

The middle ear bones are the smallest bones in the body of a mammal. The middle ear bones are split into the incus, malleus, and stapes

Answer 215

Teeth that are all pretty much the same shape/size throughout. E.G. elephants have mostly all molars used to grind down their specific diet

Answer 216

Having different types of teeth throughout. E.G. dogs have canines, molars and incisors

Answer 217

o make more room to carry oxygen

Answer 218

Little air like sacs where gas exchange take place in the lungs. MAIN PURPOSE IS TO EXPAND THE SURFACE AREA FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO OCCUR

Answer 219

Used for excretion

Answer 220

Responsible for conscious thought

Answer 221

-5 species -Includes the duck-billed platypus -Do not have birth to live young (oviparous mammals) -Eggs hatch rapidly which is followed by lactation in the mother. -No nipples -Lactation occurs through a specialized patch of skin

Answer 222

t have a venomous spur which is mainly used for predatory defense. It is one of the only mammals that contains venom.

Answer 223

-Includes the koalas, kangaroos, and tasmanian devils -Major characteristic is that they give birth to very premature offspring that are not fully developed and complete their development in the mother’s pouch -Have a placenta -Have very short gestation period

Answer 224

The time in which the developing embryo is developing in the placenta of its mother.

Answer 225

-Born extremely early -Climb up the fur of its mom and attaches to a nipple in the pouch -Embryo = “Clawing head” -Never detaches during its brooding period -Once detaches they are called a ‘joey’ but still mainly stay in pouch until weaning

Answer 226

the only marsupial in the US is the North American Possum

Answer 227

Mammals and birds and the two groups that majorly depends on parental care

Answer 228

-Mothers have a placenta that directly nourishes the developing fetus -Are all viviparous (give birth to fully developed young) -Some are altricial/some are precocial -Gestation period in placental groups are much longer

Answer 229

Pholidota (Pangolin) -Rodentia (rodents) Lagomorpha (rabbits) -Chiroptera (bats) -Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears) -Ungulates (hoofed mammals including sea mammals) -Primates (lemurs, apes, humans)

Answer 230

Have a reversal to scales and is the most ancient group of mammals

Answer 231

Have specializations in their digestive track for the efficient break down of plants (plants are hard to break down and get nutrients from because of its cell wall)

Answer 232

to absorb nutrients

Answer 233

main job is to absorb water

Answer 234

they have a multi chambered stomach that aids in the process of breaking down plant material to get nutrients

Answer 235

Have a reticulum which is a muscular chamber that is used to further grind down plants

Answer 236

Primarily walks on their digits (dogs)

Answer 237

Walks on the soles of their feet (humans)

Answer 238

Walk on hoofed feet (horses)

Answer 239

They have more complex brain and therefore have more complex behavior and have modifications to their behaviors through learning

Answer 240

The tendency to form social groups or live in structured groups

Answer 241

1)Increases hunting success: groups may be able to exploit resources not available to single individuals 2)Predator defense: increased detection of predators and less time invested to search for predators, gives more time for eating 3) Increases reproductive fitness

Answer 242

Common in birds and mammals. Most primates form social groups

Answer 243

1) Disease transmission 2) Scarce resources and potential for increased competition among individuals which can increase fighting

Answer 244

-Have complex brains -Have complex social and behavior structure -Understand reciprocity -Understand fairness

Answer 245

Selfless act

Answer 246

hey have fully developed lungs and limbs

Answer 247

Caudata Anura Gymnophiona

Answer 248

The salamanders and Newts

Answer 249

Caecilians

Answer 250

The study of amphibians and reptiles

Answer 251

Having less competition on land and more resources on land is one of the reasons believed as to why animals began to move towards land. Fish and aquatic life was becoming so dense that their solution was to diversify towards land to reduce competition.

Answer 252

Fish were reaching a diversity peak around 300 mya which created major selective pressures and competition. Species began to move to land because it decreased competition.

Answer 253

hey first adjusted and formed adaptations to shallow waters and pond edges. They still needed to live near an aquatic environment because their eggs are still subject to environmental pressures

Answer 254

They are usually quadrupedal (tetrapod) where their forelimb usually have four fingers (might have some reversals)

Answer 255

Areas that are directly adjacent to a body of water

Answer 256

Their body form varies greatly among species for example a salamander v. a frog v. a caecilian are very different.

Answer 257

They have smooth and moist skin that is glandular

Answer 258

Through their lungs and through cutaneous respiration. We also see some reversals to gills because some rely on breathing through their skin.

Answer 259

breathe through skin

Answer 260

They are ectothermic meaning that the regulation of their body temperature depends on external surfaces (like fish).

Answer 261

means you are cold blooded

Answer 262

Frogs have a tympanic membrane and stapes that help advance the sense of hearing. The tympanic membrane is directly posterior to the eye and has stapes that are used for hearing. Frogs also have 1 middle ear bone.

Answer 263

To detect chemical changes in the environment which helps them detect predators and for smell (chemoreception)

Answer 264

They have external feralization and many rely on aquatic habitats for reproduction

Answer 265

They have a 3 chambered heart and have double circulation. They have two atria that receives blood from the two different circuits (the lungs and the bodily systems) For this reason amphibians are often described as having double circulation

Answer 266

any vessel that moves blood away from the heart

Answer 267

any vessel that moves blood towards the heart

Answer 268

DB & OB can mix in amphibians b/c they are smaller and do not have a pressure to completely separate the two types of blood. The blood density difference between Db & OB allows then to follow the path they are supposed to go through.

Answer 269

Known as the salamanders and Newts -Around 655 species -Greater diversity of them in North and Central America -Early salamanders are more adapted to and aquatic lifestyle while more derived salamanders are adapted to terrestrial lifestyle. -We see respiratory reversals in salamanders

Answer 270

They do not have lungs and rely on gills for respiration meaning that they need to be fully submerged in water for respiration to occur.

Answer 271

They falls under the family Plethodontidae and are a very successful group

Answer 272

-Most diverse salamander family -Widest geographic distribution -rely completely on cutaneous respiration -Nasolabial grooves -Tongues stick out to 1.5x body length for prey capture

Answer 273

This is a specialized adaptation that runs as a nose to be able to detect changes of smell in their environment - enhances chemoreception

Answer 274

Conservation method where you take organisms out of their natural environment

Answer 275

They have noxious secretions which can make them venomous for other animals to eat them. They also have a darker dorsal color to blend in but have a brightly colored ventral surface to warn off predators. They also have an unkenreflex

Answer 276

reflex that shows aposematic stomach to predator

Answer 277

Have a reversal to gills b/c their lungs and jaw and tongue take up to much space in their anatomy. This is also what allows them to coil their tongue into their mouth which gives them the ability to stretch out their tongue for predation. If they had lungs, they would not be able to coil up their tongue b/c they would choke.

Answer 278

The eastern hellbender

Answer 279

5000+ species -Found everywhere except antarctic -They have a jumping ability that is their most conspicuous adaptation -Their entire body acts as a lever system which allows them to escape predation -Throughout their life they can undergo metamorphosis -They have changes in their feeding diet as their life forms change.

Answer 280

have long limbs have fused bones in the limbs Have a short vertebral column They have a pelvic girdle

Answer 281

They have a long fore limb and hind limb which would allow them to stretch farther. The fused bones also give them additional strength, especially when landing to avoid injury (radioulna) the tibiofibula is also fused for extra strength

Answer 282

A shortened vertebral column helps avoid injury because they do not have to worry about their back bending. The pelvic girdle are the bones around the pelvis that are all elongated and act as a shock absorber for when landing after jumps.

Answer 283

Habitat Locomotion Diet Respiration

Answer 284

Fertilized eggs undergo cleavage and an embryo is nourished by the yolk -Tadpole begins feeding on algae and has external gills for respiration (are completely aquatic) -Skinfold grows over external gills and water exists through a spiracle -Hindlimbs and forelimbs begin to emerge -Tail shortens by reabsorption and metamorphosis is almost completed (become land animals at this point) -Then continued to develop into a mature frog

Answer 285

When a male frog clasps a female frog in order to mate and fertilize eggs

Answer 286

They are the only vertebrae that undergo complete metamorphosis in order to decrease introspecific competition between conspecifics to maximize success.

Answer 287

They have fins that allow them to move in the water - when they turn into adults, the fin like structures turn into limbs.

Answer 288

Diet goes from algae as tadpoles to insects as adults

Answer 289

They have physiological shift from having gills as tadpoles to having a developed pair of lungs as adults

Answer 290

We begin to see a variety of interesting reproductive lifestyle in frogs as well as an increase in parental care during earliest tadpole phases.

Answer 291

Females have a posterior pouch where tadpoles can swim in and out of the pouch to protect themselves which lowers the predation and mortality rate of the tadpoles.

Answer 292

The females begin to create eggs within their skin. The eggs then move anteriorly in the body and then dorsally up the body. As they mate, the males fertilize the eggs that are sitting on her semiperminable dorsal portion of her body and the eggs are protected by a very thin layer of skin. When the female is preggo, they have bumps throughout their dorsal body and as the eggs hatch they emerge from the skin.

Answer 293

They have aposematic coloration and toxins that warn off predators. Babies then attach to the skin of the mother and as tadpoles emerge, females have a sticky coating where tadpoles can rest and be protected by the mother’s defense mechanisms (aposematic coloration and toxin emissions)

Answer 294

Known as mouth brooding frogs -They have an extended flap of skin within the mouth of the mother and tadpoles can swim in and out of the mothers mouth which provides protection

Answer 295

To increase the fitness success of their tadpoles b/c if you have less tadpoles reaching adult stages then their population would begin to decline.

Answer 296

Caecilians

Answer 297

-About 200 species -Live in tropical regions -Legless animals that burrow themselves deep down (some are aquatic) -Have a tentacle that lies between its nostril and eyes and is used as a sense organ -Some lay eggs and some give birth to live young (oviparous v. viviparous)

Answer 298

They have a reversal in their limbs and are all fossoliral animals which are animals that primarily live underground.

Answer 299

-They rely on moisture b/c they need to keep their skin moist -Only amphibians that can be viviparous -The adaption of having chemical reception makes up for not having eyes for vision.

Answer 300

They are indicator species because their semi permeable skin is very sensitive to pollutants and diseases in the environment.

Answer 301

Global warming/climate change has increased the appearance of chytrid fungus which is killing off frogs as an alarming rate -Land use changes is destroying the habitat of amphibians -Commercial exploitation -Pollutions and chemicals in the environment are affecting amphibians in many different ways

Answer 302

They aid in controlling insect populations as well as can aid with disease outbreaks -They are cultural icons -They have an intrinsic value of a species (aesthetic appeal)

BIO 15-20 (smart classmates) Flashcards

(336 cards)