bio

Question 1

What is a monomer for starch?

Answer 1

Glucose monomers

Question 2

What is the roll of a catalyst?

Answer 2

to change the activation energy of a reaction

Question 3

What are the functional groups of protein monomers?

Answer 3

the Amine group, the hydrogen group, the carboxyl group and the R (which can be any of the different types of amino acids) group

Question 4

What feature of lipids makes them good sources of energy?

Answer 4

yields more fatty acids. Also, lipids are compact in structure so they can store energy quite efficiently

Question 5

What are nucleic acids responsible for?

Answer 5

carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function

Question 6

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 6

help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat

Question 7

How do the bases of opposite DNA strands connect?

Answer 7

by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine

Question 8

What is a dipeptide?

Answer 8

a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues.

Question 9

Why is animal starch (glycogen) highly branched?

Answer 9

because glucose can only be liberated at the ends of the branches(non-reducing ends) which means that many glucose molecules can be liberated simultaneously from a branched polymer but only one at a time from a linear polymer

Question 10

What do oxidation reduction reactions involve?

Answer 10

the transfer of electrons from one species to another

Question 11

What is a functional group?

Answer 11

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

Question 12

What is activation energy

Answer 12

the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport.

Question 13

What aspect of hydrogenation is most dangerous to human health

Answer 13

trans fats have been shown to harm heart health.

Question 14

Condensation reactions involve producing and removing water. How?

Answer 14

hen two amino acids combine in a condensation reaction, a covalent bond forms between the amine nitrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of the second amino acid. A molecule of water is then removed as a second product

Question 15

What does a neutralization reaction produce?

Answer 15

water and a salt

Question 16

What is a substrate?

Answer 16

an underlying substance or layer.

Question 17

What does feedback inhibition involve?

Answer 17

he activity of an enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a biochemical pathway.

Question 18

How does a catalyst lowers the activation energy?

Answer 18

By altering the reaction’s transition state

Question 19

What do Condensation reactions involve?

Answer 19

monomers (small molecules) join to form polymers (large molecules or macromolecules)

Question 20

A disaccharide is formed by a covalent bond called a….

Answer 20

glycosidic bond

Question 21

Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base and a..

Answer 21

pentose sugar molecule +

Question 22

What is the function of a competitive inhibitor?

Answer 22

competes with substrate for binding to an active site

Question 23

The monomer for a protein is a….

Answer 23

Amino acid

Question 24

A triglyceride has three fatty acids connected to one …

Answer 24

glycerol molecule

Question 25

Catalysts interact with a substrate at a....

Answer 25

active site

Question 26

Combustion is best described as a ...

Answer 26

a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame

Question 27

Carbohydrates are molecules that contain ...

Answer 27

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Question 28

Isotopes are atoms that differ in the number of .....

Answer 28

neutrons

Question 29

Denaturation of a protein is caused by ..

Answer 29

changes in temperature or pH, or the addition of heavy metal salts, or radiation

Question 30

Proteins have many functions which include ..

Answer 30

acting as enzymes and hormones, maintaining proper fluid and acid-base balance, providing nutrient transport, making antibodies, enabling wound healing and tissue regeneration, and providing energy when carbohydrate and fat intake is inadequate

Question 31

What part of amino acid is unique to each type?

Answer 31

side-chain group or R-group

Question 32

The monomer for a nucleic acid is a ......

Answer 32

Nucleotides

Question 33

Carbon dioxide dissolved in water produces ..

Answer 33

carbonic acid

Question 34

DNA codes for proteins with the assistance of ....

Answer 34

mRNA

Question 35

If an atom loses an electron it is called a ...

Answer 35

positively charged ion

Question 36

primary structure?

Answer 36

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 37

secondary structure?

Answer 37

comprised of regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone

Question 38

tertiary structure?

Answer 38

is the three-dimensional shape of the protein determined by regions stabilized by interactions between the side chains

Question 39

quaternary structure?

Answer 39

the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement

Question 40

Use an example to illustrate the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

Answer 40

formation of table salt, sodium chloride, and water. A strong acid (hydrochloric acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide) react quantitively to form a neutral salt and water solution.

Question 41

List the five nitrogenous bases used in nucleic acids.

Answer 41

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil

Question 42

How can steroids be used as a medical treatment?

Answer 42

reduce redness and swelling (inflammation)

Question 43

What is the role of a buffer?

Answer 43

neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable

Question 44

List two kinds of covalent bonds.

Answer 44

Polar and Nonpolar.

Question 45

List three differences between DNA and RNA.

Answer 45

DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose. Furthermore, DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

Question 46

What is the ratio of carbons, hydrogens and oxygens in a carbohydrate monomer?

Answer 46

1:2:1

Question 47

List two types of intermolecular interactions.

Answer 47

London dispersion forces (LDF), dipole- dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding

Question 48

What is a functional group?

Answer 48

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

Question 49

How is a molecular formula different from a structural formula?

Answer 49

molecular formulas do not show how the atoms of the elements are bonded together.

Question 50

Lipids are an effective source of energy in food. Identify three other ways that lipids contribute to the success of a living organism.

Answer 50

they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules

Question 51

There are 20 common amino acids. Of these, 8 are essential amino acids. Explain what this means.

Answer 51

they cannot be synthesized by human or other mammalian cells

Question 52

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Answer 52

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another