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yr11 dec mock notes > bio > Flashcards

bio Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

enzyme graphs

A

temp, pH - normal curved peaks
substrate conc - plateaus like the photosynthesis graphs
enzyme conc - slowly rises like the other graphs then completely drops

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2
Q

starch test

A

iodine, orange to black

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3
Q

sugars test (includes glucose)

A

add Benedict’s reagent then boil in a water bath, blue to red precipitate

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4
Q

proteins test

A

add Biuret reagent then shake, blue to purple

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5
Q

lipids test

A

emulsion test add ethanol, then water, clear to milky

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6
Q

breakdown of food

A

proteins - amino acids
carbs - simple sugars
glucose - C6H12O6
lipids - 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

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7
Q

respiration units

A

aerobic - 32 ATP
anaerobic - 2 ATP

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8
Q

photosynthesis stages

A

stage 1 (light dependent) - light energy splits water into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas
stage 2 (independent) - carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen ions to make glucose

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9
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of particles through a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration down the concentration gradient

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10
Q

active transport

A

movement of particles across a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration against the concentration gradient using ATP released during respiration

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11
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration down a concentration gradient

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12
Q

states of a cell with osmosis

A

animal: lysis (bursting), crenation (dried up)
plant: turgid (swelling), flaccid (dry)

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13
Q

mitosis 1st phase

A

interphase - DNA replication

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14
Q

difference in embryonic and adult stem cells

A

pluripotent - unlimited
multipotent - limited

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15
Q

types of blood vessels

A

arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

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16
Q

normal nervous system

A

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> spinal cord -> brain -> spinal cord -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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17
Q

relay nervous system

A

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone (reaches spine but not brain) -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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18
Q

neurones

A

connection between neurones is synapses
direction of impulse - dendrites to axon

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19
Q

cerebrum

A

big part for all complex behaviour (learning, memory and personality)

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

section under cerebrum next to medulla (posture balance and involuntary movement)

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21
Q

medulla

A

long stem at the bottom controls automatic actions (breathing, heart rate), oldest and most basic part

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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

small section in between medulla and cerebrum near pituitary gland, homeostasis (temperature and water regulation)

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23
Q

pituitary gland

A

sticks out into hypothalamus stores and releases all major hormones

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24
Q

frontal lobe

A

very front (decision making, reasoning, planning, emotions)

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25
parietal lobe
right behind frontal lobe (orientation, movement, sensation, memory)
26
occipital lobe
very back of brain (processes all information from eyes)
27
temporal lobe
under frontal lobe (processes auditory information + memory)
28
eye from front to back
cornea (transparent bit of sclera in front of eye to let light in) sclera (white outer layer, protects eye) aqueous humour iris (controls size of pupil which is a hole) lens (held by suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles) vitreous humour retina (contains rods and cones) optic nerve (also where blind spot is)
29
bright light reaction
smaller pupils/ pupils contraction radial muscles outside relax circular muscles inside contract radial and circular are antagonistic DIM LIGHT IS OPPOSITE
30
Close objects reaction
ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments relax, lens more convex (fat) FAR OBJECTS IS OPPOSITE
31
long sighted
(hyperopia) - weak lense, short eyeball, behind not on, convex () converging SHORT SIGHTED (MYOPIA) IS OPPOSITE
32
period timeline
menstruation 0-4 days and 28 days onwards ovulation 12-16 days
33
body hot reaction
erector muscles relax, hairs lie down, lots of sweat made and evaporate (transfers energy from skin to environment), vasodilation, more blood to surface, more energy to surroundings
34
body cold reaction
opposite of HOT, hairs stand to make an insulating layer of air, vasoconstriction, shivering (muscles contract automatically requiring respiration which transfers energy to heat the body)
35
if glucose is too high
insulin from pancreas insulin goes to liver (along with glucose) liver turns glucose into glycogen
36
if glucose too low
glucagon from pancreas glucagon goes to liver liver turns glycogen into glucose
37
water balance
water gain - less ADH - less water reabsorbed water loss - more ADH - more water reabsorbed
38
excretion organ system
diaphragm liver produces urea aorta on left side (in diagram on right), connected to renal artery (brings unfiltered blood to kidneys) connected to left kidney whatever comes out of the blood goes through the ureters to the bladder goes out of the body through urethra (controlled by a ring of muscle) filtered blood goes to the heart through renal vein (connected to vena cava, opposite side to artery and aorta)
39
kidney structure
capsule - outside membrane of kidney (keeps shape/protects it) cortex - outer part medulla - inner part nephrons in cortex and medulla (top in cortex, bottom like loop of henle in medulla)
40
nephron structure
renal artery goes to afferent arteriole (big) to glomerulus glomerulus surrounded by bowman’s capsule (site of ultrafiltration) efferent arteriole (small) connects glomerulus to proximal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule (site of selective reabsorption) goes to loop of Henlé surrounded by capillaries (salt and water regulation) goes to distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct (waste/urine extracted from blood collected here and goes to bladder)
41
B4 pyramids
biomass - bar represents mass of all organisms of numbers - bar represents number of organisms efficiency of biomass transfer - literally just normal percentages
42
nutrient cycle definition
process of materials being passed between abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem
43
the nutrient cycle
Sunlight ABSORBED by producers: - Producers DIGESTED by consumers - Producers DIE for decomposers - Consumers can DIE for decomposers too All dead material is DECOMPOSED by decomposers - Nutrients RELEASED back into environment
44
nitrogen cycle
NITRATES in soil DENITRIFIED into N2 in air, lighting (energy) + NITROGEN FIXING put back into soil NITRATES in soil ABSORBED by plants, EATEN by animals - Die -> decompose -> ammonia - Excrete -> ammonia AMMONIA NITRIFIED into NITRITES (poisonous), NITRIFIED again into NITRATES (reverse can happen with denitrification)
45
the different types of nitrogen cycle bacteria/organisms
Nitrogen fixing: nitrogen -> nitrates Nitrifying: ammonia -> nitrates Denitrifying: nitrates -> nitrogen gas/nitries/ammonia decomposers - microorganisms detritivores - small animals
46
meiosis
1ST STAGE 1. chromosomes copied 2. line up in middle in pairs (1 mum, 1 dad) 3. genetic recombination 4. pulled apart to poles 5. cell divides into two 2ND STAGE 1. chromosomes in each cell line up 2. chromosomes pulled apart in in half to poles 3. cell splits into 2, so 4 haploid cells in total
47
Mendel
1866, 1st, peas, characteristics passed on through dominant or recessive hereditary units from parents
48
darwin and wallace
Darwin - Galapagos Islands, finches, adapted beaks and food (came up with the theory of natural selection) Wallace - butterflies and their colours (came up with the evidence for natural selection)
49
classification orders
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species scientific name is Species, Genus
50
genetic engineering steps
1. identification of desired gene’s (example insulin) 2. restriction enzymes cuts open desired gene makes mRNA 3. reverse transcription enzymes using free nucleotides they’re gonna pair the mRNA with DNA polymerase 4. leaves sticky ends (unpaired bases) on gene 5. multiplication of this gene in thermocycler (Polymerase chain reaction PCR) 6. same restriction enzymes cuts open bacteria (the vector) to make a bacterial plasmid 7. marker gene and desired gene will be added to the bacterial plasmid making it a recombinant plasmid 8. ligase enzymes uses sticky ends to glue everything together making transgenic bacteria 9. bacterium allowed to multiply (called culturing) 10. insulin is extracted and sold
51
structure of leaf
1. waxy cuticle layer (waterproof), prevents water loss, prevents water collecting therefore prevents fungal pathogens/mould (thick for cacti, thin for aquatic plants) 2. upper epidermis (transparent to allow light through) 3. palisade cells (site of photosynthesis) 4. spongy mesophyll (air pockets to allow gas exchange 5. in gaps of spongy mesophyll is vascular bundle 6. lower epidermis 7. stomata controlled by guard cells
52
scab formation
skin cut, bleeds collagen produced collagen production attracts platelets platelets exposure to outside turns them sticky when sticky, they convert fibrinogen to fibrin RBCs get trapped in fibrin forms blood clot clot hardens, scab forms scab keeps skin clean, gives time to heal scab falls off
53
immune response
2 TYPES OF WBCs phagocytes • produces enzymes that breakdown pathogens so they’re no longer harmful • they eat them, it’s called phagocytosis lymphocytes: • produces antitoxins to fight bacteria toxins • produces proteins that bind onto pathogen’s antigens, called antibodies, to signal to phagocytes to eat this pathogen, have B memory cells
54
relay neurone structure
dendrites, dendron goes into cell body/nucleus, axon goes out cell body/nucleus, firework
55
motor neurone structure
sperm but neurone, head is cell body nucleus and dendrites, tail is axon, myelin sheath
56
sensory neurone structure
like motor but head in middle, section to head is dendron, section away from head is axon
57
mitosis 2nd phase
prophase - DNA condenses into chromosomes, nucleus membrane breaks down
58
mitosis 3rd phase
metaphase - chromosomes line up in centre, centrioles go to poles, spindle fibres form
59
mitosis 4th phase
anaphase - spindle fibres contract, pull apart chromosomes to opposite poles
60
mitosis 5th phase
telophase - chromosomes go opposite poles, nucleus membrane forms around new nucleus
61
mitosis 6th and last phase
cytokinesis - organelles in cytoplasm split between both cells, cytoplasm splits between cells, 2 identical cells form
62
Miescher
1869, 2nd, acidic substance in nucleus (DNA), called nuclein found
63
Avery
1944 3rd, genes are made up of DNA and can be transferred between generations
64
Chargoff
1950 4th, discovers DNA base pairs
65
Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin
1952 5th: imaged DNA with x-rays
66
Watson, Crick
1953 6th: found DNA double helix
67
1953 - 2000:
genetic engineering developed/identified genes causing specific diseases
68
2003 and onwards
2003: human genome project complete 2003 +: research

yr11 dec mock notes (8 decks)

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