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Bio 1st exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Scientific Method limited to and cannot test?

A

o Limited to physical world
o Cannot test:
§ Religion
§ Witchcraft
§ Magic

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2
Q

First step of Scientific Methos

A

Make extensive series of observations
§ Relationship of temp. & various states of water

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3
Q

Second Step of Scientific Method

A

Propose a Hypothesis
§ Ice appears to form at temp below 0 degrees C
§ Water appears to exist between 0-100 degrees C
§ Steam appears to exist above 100 C

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4
Q

Third step of Scientific Method

A

Test the hypothesis
§ Hard part:
· Fix all variables (except being tested)
· Use of Controls
· Placebos
· Guinea Pigs

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5
Q

Fourth Step of Scientific Method

A

Formulate Conclusions (explanations)
§ Subject to peer review
§ Withstand additional testing it will become a theory or possibly a law
§ Examples of Laws:
· Newtons Laws about realitivity
· E=mc2
· Speed of light
Speed of sound

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6
Q

What is Bias?

A

Bias is prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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7
Q

What does Carbon define?

A

Living things

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8
Q

What molecules are found in living organisms?

A

○ Carbohydrates
○ Lipids (fats)
○ Proteins
○ Nucleic Acids
Carbo hydrates Lipids and Nucleic Acids for Protein

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9
Q

Element

A

Substance of single type of atom (cannot be decomp. into simpler substances)

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10
Q

Humans are composed of what 4 main elements?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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11
Q

What charges do protons, neutrons, and electrons have?

A

Protons have positive charge
Neutrons have a neutral charge
Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus (very fast)

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12
Q

Isotopes

A

○ Same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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13
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Various types of energy in form of rays and subatomic particles
Behaves the same chemically as regular isotope
Radioactive

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14
Q

Inert Gases (1st shell/ 2nd shell/ 3rd shell)

A

Helium - 2/0/0
Neon - 2/8/0
Argon- 2/8/8

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15
Q

Atom number

A

§ # of protons in nucleus

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16
Q

Atomic symbol

A

Letter of element

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17
Q

Atomic mass

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

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18
Q

What is compound made of

A

Substance w/ two or more elements that can be decomposed into simpler substances (I.e.- elements)

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19
Q

Smallest unit of compound?

A

Molecule

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20
Q

Ionic Bonding: What charge is losing an electron

A

+ charge

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21
Q

Ionic Bonding: What charge is gaining an electron

A
  • charge
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22
Q

What is Ionic Bonding

A

Transfer of electrons

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction of slightly positive, covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity

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24
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

sharing of electrons

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25
What is a mole?
Unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules.
26
What are Acids?
Dissociate in water releasing hydrogen ions (H+)
27
What are Bases?
Substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)
28
What is the pH scale?
Used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution
29
What do buffers do?
Keeps the pH within normal limits
30
What are organic Molecules
§ Carbohydrates § Lipids § Proteins § Nucleic acids
31
Whats a Macromolecule
Molecule that contains many subunits
32
What is the dehydration reaction and what reaction is it?
§ -OH (hydroxyl group) and H (hydrogen atom) (equivalent of water) are removed from molecule forms § Synthesis reaction
33
What is a hydrolysis reaction
Components of water are added during breaking of the bond between the molecules
34
What type of energy do Carbohydrates give you?
Quick Energy
35
What elements apart of Carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
36
Monosaccharide vs Disaccharide
Monosaccharide- 1 Carbon ring (glucose) Disaccharide - 2 Carbon rings (maltose)
37
What are some complex Carbohydrates and what do each of them do?
○ Polysaccharides § Made of many carbon rings (3 or more) ○ Glycogen § is the storage form in animals ○ Starch § Storage form in plants
38
What are structural Supports?
○ Cellulose in plants ○ Chitin- exoskeleton of arthropods ○ Chitin- cell wall in fungi
39
Types of Lipids
○ Fats § Triglycerides ○ Phospholipids § Basic structure of cell membranes ○ Steroids § Includes sex hormones & cholesterol ○ Fatty acids §Can be very wrong
40
Structure of Lipids
○ A glycerol molecule made of 3 fatty acids
41
Fats and oils - -C=C-
§ Unsaturated § Oils - From plants § Healthy □ Current labeling Poly-Unsaturated
42
Fats and oils - -C-C-
§ Saturated § Fats - from animals § Unhealthy
43
Trans Fats
§ Occur naturally in meat and dairy products § Many are artificially created from vegetable oils (Make semi-solid) § Difficult to digest & tend to accumulate in our circulatory system
44
What are Steroids?
○ A lipid ○ Structure is four fused carbon rings ○ Examples are cholesterol and sex hormones ○ Ana means after. Bolic means changing. Anabolic steroids.
45
What are the Functions of Lipids?
○ Energy § Long term storage ○ Membrane and organelles § Structure of the cell ○ Sex hormones ○ Cholesterol
46
What are in protiens?
Amnio Acids
47
What are main functions of Amino Acids?
§ Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, and transport § Can denature, change in shape, that causes loss of function § 100's of these but NINE of these are considered "essential"
48
Problems with Vegetarian & vegan diets and how to avoid?
□ Lack of these essential amino acids § Milk, Cheese & Eggs
49
What are Peptides?
§ Covalent bond between two amino acids 3 or more is called a polypeptide
50
What is Denaturation?
§ Proteins exposed to heat
51
What is the function of protiens?
§ Structural support § Movement- muscles in conjunction with the skeleton § Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions
52
What are the 5 base pairs
§ Adenine (A) & guanin (G) are double-ringed purines § Cytosine©, thymine (T) and uracil (U) are single-ringed pyrimidines § In DNA - A pairs with T and G pairs with C
53
What are Nucleotide Subunits?
Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogen base
54
More functions of protiens?
§ Code genetic information § DNA from parents (chromosomes) RNA protein assimilation in cells (ribosomes)
55
What divides animal and plant cells?
Cell Wall
56
Characteristic of Life?
○ Ability to reproduce itself ○ Ability to code Chemical Change ○ Ability to acquire and use energy. § Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition ○ Ability to change
57
What is Cell Theory?
○ The cell is the basic organizational unit of life ○ All organisms are composed of one or more cells ○ All cells arise from pre-existing cells
58
Where did the first cells come from?
Came from how the honeycomb style of cells in the cork reminded them of a monastery cell.
59
Prokaryotic Cells
§ Found in bacteria and some primitive algae § Lack membrane-bound organelles Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
60
Eukaryotic Cells
§ Found in advanced plants & animals § Possess membrane-bound organelles § Such as: □ Nucleus □ Mitochondria □ Golgi body □ Etc.
61
How old is earth?
4.5 billion years old
61
How do plant cells differ from animal cells
§ Lack of locomotion (do not move about - exhibit a fixed location) □ Cell wall made of cellulose § Exhibit autotrophic nutrition □ Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis (carbon dioxide + water -> carbohydrate + oxygen)
62
Define Life
Reproduce itself Ability to code chemical change Requires the ability to acquire & use energy Ability to change
63
Age of Earth
○ 4.5 billion years old
64
Origin of Life
○ Occurred approximately 3.5 billion years ago (or earlier).
65
Four major groups
Carbohydrates (energy structure) Lipids (energy hormones) Proteins (Structure and movement) Nucleic acids (Chemical coding)
66
What was early atomosphere of earth composed of?
○ Carbon monoxide (CO) & Carbon dioxide (CO2) ○ Methane - CH4 ○ Hydrogen gas - H2 ○ Ammonia - NH3 ○ Water vapor (H2O) ○ Plus most common elements of the periodical chart (Nitrogen & Phosphorus)
67
Energy Sources Available?
○ Heat ○ Electricity ○ U.V. Light
68
Start of Life?
○ Chemical evolution ○ Cellular Evolution ○ Oxygen production ○ Multicellular Organisms ○ Species Evolution
69
"Alternative" Proposals or Beliefs
○ Devine Creation (or Creation Theory) ○ Intelligent Design (ID) ○ Spontaneous Generation
70
Nucleus
Ernest Rutherford § Chromosomes (DNA and Protein) § Genetic coding § Karyotype - 22 pair of autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromosomes 2N (diploid # = 46) a 9nd 1N (haploid # = 23)
71
Human Chromosomes
§ Diploid Number (2N) = 46 § 22 pair of Autosomes - one half from each parent § 1 pair of Sex Chromosomes (XX or XY) § On each homologous pair of chromosomes there are a pair of Alleles
72
Alles
□ Genetic coding information (DNA) and given letters to denote their inheritance characteristics. □ Homologolus = same
73
Mitosis
§ 2N cells -> 2N cells (normal cell growth)
74
Meiosis
2N cells -> 1N cells (reductions division) Sperm and egg
75
Plasma (cell membrane) and ER
Phospholipid Bilayer
76
Osmosis
○ Movement of water (by diffusion) cross or through a semi-permeable membrane. ○ High concentration of water to lower concentration ○ Simple diffusion Does not require energy
77
Diffusion
Cell membrane can "pump" water and Molecules
78
Active Transport
○ Requires Energy ○ Hormones § Reproductive Tisssue ○ Enzymes § Digestive tissue ○ Neuro-transmitters § Nervous tissue
79
ATP
Active Transport Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
80
Homeostasis
○ Body's ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment by adjusting its physiological process § Body Temperature § pH § Blood sugar level
81
Why do we have Homeostasis?
Maximize body's chemical reactions
82
Vesicles
○ Small sack-like structure surrounded by Phospholipid membrane. Movement of material into and out of the cell
83
Food Vacuole
Formed by Endocytosis
84
Contractile Vacuole
Formed by Exocytosis
85
Exocytosis
○ Occurs and is important in cellular Secretions
86
Rough ER
§ Ribosomes § RNA Protein Assimilation
87
Smooth ER
§ Cellular secretions § Lipids § Phospholipids § Steroids § Testes § Ovaries Oil Glands
88
Golgi Apparatus
○ Increased membrane folding ○ Cellular Secretions ○ Hormones and neuro transmitters ○ Antibodies -Immune system Proteases
89
Lysosome
○ Increased membrane folding Contain proteases
90
Mitochondrion "grain-Like"
○ Increase in membrane folding Production of Energy (ATP)
91
Microfilaments
Solid protein fiber § Primitive - less efficient
92
Microtubules
Tubular protein fibers § Most efficient § Spindle fibers
93
Outside the cell and function in movement
○ Made of protein ○ Slide on one another
94
Chloroplast
Found only in plants
95
Photosynthesis
□ Autotrophic Nutrition

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