Bio 2nd Exam Flashcards

Question

First two secretions of the Pancreas and what they do

Answer 1

§ Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) □ Changes pH of chyme from Acid to Base (alkaline) § Lipase □ Hydrolyses fats (lipids) to: Glycerol & fatty acids

Answer 2

§ Proteases □ (old names Trypsin & Chymotrypsin) □ Digestion of Proteins to: Amino Acids § Carbohydrases □ Change complex sugars to simple sugars (under the influence of Insulin from the Pancreas) □ Diabetes: Type A, Type B § Nucleases □ Hydrolyze RNA & DNA to Nucleotides & Nitrogenous bases

Answer 3

○ Gallbladder secretes Bile ○ Bile § Serves to emulsify Fats (lipids) Stores glucose as glycogen

Answer 4

○ Duodenum § First 8-10 in ○ Length of approximately 18ft ○ Surface area of almost 200 square meters ○ Final Digestion and absorption of the food stuffs

Answer 5

○ Re-absorption of water ○ Storage of waste material until defecation

Answer 6

§ Self-imposed starvation

Answer 7

§ Overeating followed by self-induced vomiting

Answer 8

Preoccupation with underdeveloped body

Answer 9

○ Both genetic and life style influenced § Helicobacter pylori are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach. Reason for: Colon Cancer, Diarrhea, Dysentery

Answer 10

Prevention with high fiber diet Broccoli, salads, whole grains etc.

Answer 11

Traveler's diarrhea or Montezuma's revenge

Answer 12

Amoebic dysentery - protozoan infection (spread by houseflies)

Answer 13

§ High butterfat content □ Triglycerides found in milk § Lactose intolerance □ Primary sugar in milk □ One cannot digest dairy products

Answer 14

□ Contains about the same proportion of protein as cow's milk □ Is there an advantage to drinking soy milk? ® Yes ® More healthy than animal fats

Answer 15

* Process by which the chemical energy stored in food (glucose) is converted into usable energy * ADP -> "ATP" (in Mitochondria) ATP -> ADP + Energy (in Muscle Tissue)

Answer 16

○ Takes place in Mitochondrion ○ Uses Oxygen ○ Produces 36 ATP's from the glucose molecule 38% efficient

Answer 17

○ Stored chemical energy (glucose) Is converted to mechanical work (by muscles) ○ Different pathways of pyruvic Acid § Ethyl Alcohol Latic Acid

Answer 18

○ Occurs in overworked muscle tissue ○ Pyruvic acid (3 carbons) -> Lactic Acid (3 carbons) + energy ○ Produces an Oxygen debt that must be repaid later Only 7% efficient

Answer 19

○ Occurs in yeast cells ○ 13% efficient Pyruvic Acid (3 carbons) -> ethanol (C2H5OH) + CO2

Answer 20

Cellular respiration in cells

Answer 21

Bacteria such as tetanus, gas gangrene & botulism

Answer 22

○ Weights 250-350 gms ○ 72 beats/minute 2.5 billion times/lifetime

Answer 23

○ Delivers nutrients and O2 to individual cells ○ Remove the by-products of digestion and cellular respiration from individual cells: § Nitrogenous waste -> Kidneys § CO2-> lungs ○ Temperature Regulation ○ Transports hormones from the site of production to their respective target cells § Testosterone - from the testes § Estrogen - from the ovaries § Growth Hormone - from the Pituitary Gland ○ Penis erection in some mammals such as H. sapiens

Answer 24

○ Organ system consisting of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs that transport lymph and lipids; aids the immune system

Answer 25

Closed and open system

Answer 26

§ Blood is contained within the vessels § Ex. Vertebrates - including H. sapiens § Heart -> Artery -> Capillaries -> Vein -> Heart

Answer 27

§ Blood comes in direct contact with the cells § Ex. Grass hopper Heart -> Artery -> Blood Cavity -> Vein -> Heart

Answer 28

○ Fish- two chambered heart ○ Amphibian - three chambered heart ○ Reptile - modified three chambered heart ○ Birds & Mammals - four chambered heart

Answer 29

Coronary system Pulmonary System Systemic System

Answer 30

§ Heart and its blood supply (coronary artery)

Answer 31

§ Includes: □ Pulmonary artery □ Lungs □Pulmonary vein

Answer 32

§ Aorta § Capillaries § Vena Cava □ (superior & inferior)

Answer 33

○ Two Atria § Thin walled ○ Two Ventricles § Thich walled ○ Two valves in between § Tricuspid valve § Bicuspid valve (AKA mitral valve)

Answer 34

Caused by several childhood diseases

Answer 35

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) Atrioventricular node

Answer 36

Contracted phase of the heart

Answer 37

○ Red vessels =↑ in oxygen Blue vessels =↑ in Carbon dioxide

Answer 38

○ Cyanosis Fetal heart basically by-passes the pulmonary circuit until partition (birth)

Answer 39

○ Heart -> Artery -> Capillaries -> Vein -> Heart

Answer 40

carry blood away from the heart § Elastic - absorb pressure from the heart Lack valves ○ These may harden with age - causing ↑ in blood pressure § Hypertension □ Affected by diet among other factors

Answer 41

Width of the red blood cells and serve the individual cells

Answer 42

§ Carry blood back to the heart Contain valves

Answer 43

Balloon in clogged arteries

Answer 44

§ a perforated tube is placed in the artery § Meth?

Answer 45

replace damaged arteries w/veins from the patient's own legs

Answer 46

Difficult to find suitable donor and problems with the patient's own immune system.

Answer 47

Case of "Baby Jane/Fae" in California 1980s

Answer 48

Problem with damage to the patient's own blood cells

Answer 49

○ Average person has ≈ 5 liters (≈ 5 quarts) ○ ≈ 55% is Plasma (which is 90% water) ○ Rest is mostly plasma proteins

Answer 50

Homeostasis & water recovery

Answer 51

Contribute to immune system

Answer 52

Functions in blood clotting

Answer 53

○ Damaged cells -> release -> thromboplastin ○ Prothrombin -> Activates -> Thrombin Fibrinogen -> activates -> fibrin threads

Answer 54

○ Red blood cells ○ RBC's ○ Life span ≈ 4 months Produced by the marrow of the long bones

Answer 55

§ Iron (Fe) Absorbs 99 times the Oxygen as plasma

Answer 56

○ Leukemia ○ Radiation Sickness Bone marrow transplants

Answer 57

§ Varying levels of Iron (Fe) in the blood of males and females

Answer 58

○ Red Meat ○ Some organs § Liver ○ Anemia

Answer 59

○ Vitamins B1, B2, Iron and Niacin ○ 12 percent alcohol ○ Press release in 1951 AMA 66 times the dose of modern iron supplements

Answer 60

○ White blood Cells (WBC) ○ Less than 0.1% of blood ○ Also produced by the bone marrow Provide a defense against foreign invaders of the blood exhibit amoeba-like feeding - "Phagocytosis" - endocytosis

Answer 61

○ Sexual transmitted Disease (STD) § Gonorrhea ○ Rx is an injection of an Antibiotic ○ Bitten by a rabid dog, skunk, bat, etc. Rx is a vaccination

Answer 62

○ First produced by Fungi § Compete naturally with bacteria Directly attack antigent

Answer 63

○ Terramycin § Earth mold ○ Penicillin Isolated from the mold Penicillium

Answer 64

Due to overuse & misuse some bacterial strains have become resistant

Answer 65

§ Superbug Does not respond to Rx with many antibiotics

Answer 66

○ 46 deaths ○ Emergence of chloroquine-resistant P.Vivax Quinine

Answer 67

○ Bacterial infection Carried by armadillos

Answer 68

Located in the underarm region

Answer 69

Site for the origin of all types of blood cells

Answer 70

Lymphatic tissue where T lymphocytes mature and learn to tell "self" from "nonself"

Answer 71

Lymphatic system Vessels have valves - but no pump

Answer 72

Defense against pathogens

Answer 73

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Both function in the production of Antibodies which will attack foreign proteins known as Antigens

Answer 74

§ B-cells § First found in Bursa (joints) of chickens § Formation in H. Sapiens is not entirely understood but they mature in the bone marrow

Answer 75

T- cells produced by the Thymus gland (chest) and in bone marrow

Answer 76

§ It has valves □ Similar to both the heart and the veins § Produces cells □ Lymphocytes instead of RBC's and WBC's

Answer 77

§ Open system § Does not have a pump § Does not have capillaries It does not function in the exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Answer 78

Smallpox and Cowpox in Europe during the 1700's

Answer 79

Often very slow - may take days, weeks or longer for Antibody levels to become high enough

Answer 80

Occurs very quickly & provides immediate protection

Answer 81

○ HIV- Human immunodeficiency Virus ○ AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome § In 2005 - AIDS killed an estimated 2.4 to 3.3 million lives § One does not die directly of AIDS - but instead one dies of some other infection ○ Influenza ○ Swine flue ○ H1N1 ○ West Nile & Zika viruses § Carried by mosquitoes (vector) ○ Polio (poliomyelitis) Monkeypox

Answer 82

○ High Risk § Poorly developed when young § Common in the elderly ○ Low Risk § Best developed when mature ○ System will begin to fail with time and/or age often requires a "booster" § Tetanus shot Annual flu shot

Answer 83

§ Salk Vaccine (injected) in early 1950s § Sabin Vaccine (oral) in late 1850s § Completely eradicated in the Americas by 1994 350,000 cases in 1988 - down to 1,652 in 2007

Answer 84

§ Estimates of 50-100 million deaths worldwide § In the US Estimates of 500,000 - 675, 000 deaths

Answer 85

§ Spread by exchange of body fluids § Epidemic in SW Africa □ (Guinea, Liberia & Sierra Leone) § Recent death in Dallas - Spring 2014 § Mr. Duncan had shutdown of organ systems Two nurses also diagnosed with Ebola

Answer 86

§ Colorado School Children fall of 2014 § Ages 1-18 § Polio-like virus May have been introduced by immigrants from El Salvador, Honduras & Nicaragua

Answer 87

§ Microcephaly in unborn children Summer & fall of 2016

Answer 88

§ When viewed under a microscope, Covid had a crown-like structure.

Answer 89

○ Modified or quick-kill process ○ Rendered the live virus ineffective ○ The immune system to produce own antibodies Early polio vaccines was not completely deactivated giving polio to children

Answer 90

○ MLV's § Killed Vaccines ○ Live-attenuated vaccines § Get rid of parts Inactivated vaccines

Answer 91

○ None of the nucleic acids of original virus are used Use mRNA (messenger RNA) to induce body to produce its own antibodies in place of the original virus template

Answer 92

§ Don't use the original viral template Allows researchers to "re-program" the mRNA sequence to respond to any new variant such as "Delta variant"

Answer 93

Mutation that originates and thrives in a region with little or no medical facilities

Answer 94

○ Remdesivir § Broad-spectrum antiviral medication ○ Hydroxychloroquine § Malaria Rx ○ Ivermectin § Anti-parasite for horses ○ Merck § Experimental pill for people sick with COVID19 A pill taken at home

Answer 95

○ DPT Vaccine (or some variant) Diphtheria - Pertussis (whooping cough) - Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Answer 96

§ Causative agent □ Anaerobic bacteria □ 40-50 cases/year reported in US Worldwide - 500,00 to million/year mostly in new born children

Answer 97

Elimination of metabolic waste arising from the digestion of proteins

Answer 98

○ Known as Deamination Ammonia converted to Urea and flushed from body by a process known as urination

Answer 99

○ Produced in Kidney -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra ○ Kidney stones & STD's

Answer 100

§ Basic unit of the kidney Blood pressure of 70 mm/Hg (most capillaries have only 30 mm/Hg)

Answer 101

§ Functions in water recovery Very long in some desert mammals such as kangaroo rats

Answer 102

§ More commonly known as Dialysis § Rx for renal failure □ Uses semi-permeable membrane § 3 to 5 hours required - 2 to 3 times a week § 240 Americans on dialysis die every day § Wait can be as long as 5- 10 years.

Answer 103

○ Most common organ transplanted ○ One year survival rates ○ 97% if from close relative ○ 90% if from a non-relative ○ Like heart transplants rejection is a problem ○ ~25,000/year in the US ○ Research underway for using kidney transplants from pig

Answer 104

Use of animal organs instead of human organs in human transplant patients

Answer 105

○ BPH § Benigin Prostatic Hyperplasia ○ Prostate Cancer 2nd most common Cancer in men ○ Not a killer 98% survival rate Lung Cancer is most common and #1 killer

Answer 106

○ Gaseous exchange of an organism with its environment ○ Primary concern is with O2 and CO2 ○ Not to be confused with Breathing

Answer 107

Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Lung Alveoli Diaphragm

Answer 108

passage of air to bronchi

Answer 109

Passage of air to lungs

Answer 110

Passage of air to alveoli

Answer 111

Gas exchange

Answer 112

§ Smaller air sacs Site of gas exchange

Answer 113

§ Responsible for inhaling and exhaling Vagus nerve

Answer 114

○ Normal Exchange - ~ 500cc ○ Maximum exchange - ~1200cc ○ Having the wind knocked out of you ○ Coming up from a SCUBA dive ○ Hiccoughs ○ Chest Puncture Wounds

Answer 115

○ Emphysema & Lung Cancer ○ Secondary smoke ○ Asbestos workers ○ 480,000 deaths/year

Answer 116

§ Increase in miscarriages and stillbirths § Decrease in weight of the infant § Infant will be twice as susceptible to respiratory infections

Bio 2nd Exam Flashcards

(142 cards)