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Bio 3rd Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

Responsible for reception and processing of sensory info from external and internal environments.

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2
Q

Plants nervous system?

A

○ Venus Fly Trap
○ Mimosa- “Touch-Me-Not” plant
○ Plants do not exhibit nervous tissue but some do move
○ Accomplished by changes in turgor pressure
○ Move toward light
§ Growth movement

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3
Q

Cephalization

A

Movement of all sensory receptors and the brain to an anterior position

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4
Q

First Function of Nervous system

A

Ability to detect a range of stimuli such as
§ Sight
§ Sound
§ Taste
§ Touch
§ Temperature
§ Balance

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5
Q

2nd, 4th, and 5th Function of Nervous system

A

○ Ability to respond in a predictable manner to these stimuli
○ Ability to store and recall information
○ Ability to think and reason

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6
Q

Third Function of Nervous system

A

○ Regulate body functions such as
§ Heart rate
§ Breathing
§ Digestion
§ Absorption
§ Temperature regulation

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7
Q

What are Neurons

A

○ Basic unit of the nervous system
○ More than 100 billion in average human

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8
Q

Parts of Neurons

A

○ Tissue is unusual
§ Does not repair nor replace itself
○ Cell body
§ Large numbers of Golgi bodies
○ Dendrites
§ Shor extensions that receive signals from sensory receptors

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

§ Insulation
§ Function to increase rate of impulse speed

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10
Q

Synapse

A

§ Knob bulb cleft or button
§ Site of neurotransmitter release

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11
Q

Myelinated Fibers

A
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12
Q

Axon

A
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13
Q

Unmyelinated Fibers

A
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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

§ Function in the insulation of the axon

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15
Q

Impulse in muscle fiber

A

1) Results in muscle contraction
2) Locomotor Activities

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16
Q

Impulse in Gland

A

1) Secretion
2) Digestion, Growth & Sex Hormones

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17
Q

Where does Impulse occur

A

Muscle Fiber
Gland
Another Nerve Cell

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18
Q

Synapse pt. 2

A

§ Acts as a switch
§ Release of Neurotransmitters
§ Functions on Target Cells
□ Excitatory
□ Or Inhibitory

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19
Q

Wave of Reversed Polarity

A

○ known as Impulse or Action Potential
○ Sodium Potassium pump

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20
Q

Impulse transition

A

○ At rest
○ Positive (+) on the outside
§ Na+ on the outside
○ Negative (-) on the inside
§ K- on the inside
○ Termed “Polarity”
○ An impulse is a “Wave of reversed polarity”
○ Impulse is determined “Action potential”
○ Produced by the “Na/K Pump”

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21
Q

Properties of the Neuron and Nerve impulse

A

○ Unidirectional
○ Threshold varies
○ Once stimulated it’s all or None
○ It may fatigue
Exhibits a refractory period

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22
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

○ Brain
○ Cranial nerves
○ Spinal nerves
○ Spinal cord

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23
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves

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24
Q

3 types of Neurons

A

Sensory Neurons
Interneuron
Motor Neuron

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25
Sensory Neuron
§ Connect sensory receptors such as sight and hearing to the CNS
26
Interneuron
§ Found only in the CNS § Provides connecting link between sensory & motor neurons
27
Motor Neurons
§ Connect the CNS with muscles & glands
28
Chemoreceptors
○ Taste and sense of smell ○ Taste buds § In mouth ○ Olfactory cells § Roof of nasal cavity ○ Insect antennae § Chemical attractants known as pheromones □ Ex: Gypsy moth
29
Photoreceptors
○ Pick up light and/or images § Flatworm eye detects light versus dark environments § Dragonfly eye detect images & movement
30
Our Eyes
○ Cornea ○ Iris § Light ○ Lens ○ Retina § This is where the image is formed ○ Optic Nerve ○ Rods § Black and white vision § Cones □ Color vision
31
Corrective Lenses
Contact Lenses LASIK Surgery Detached Retina
32
Cataracts
§ Clouding of the lens □ Maybe inherited or just comes with aging § A form of cataract surgery was reported to be used in India during the 3rd century § It was a dangerous method of dislodging the lens with a curved needle to push the opaque lens out of the way of vision § Resulted in blindness in 7-% of cases and very little improvement in vision
33
Cataract Surgery
○ Defective lens is liquefied and removed ○ New lens (PVC) is inserted § Results are instant
34
LASIK or Lasik
○ Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis ○ Laser eye surgery ○ Reshape the eye's cornea
35
Astigmatism
Irregular curvature of the cornea or abnormalities in the lens of the eye
36
Meninges
§ Three Membranes which surround the brain § Meningitis Inflammation/infection of this area of the brain
37
Cerebrospinal Fluid
§ Released by the brain Increase can cause condition known as Hydrocephalic
38
Corpus Callosum
§ Extensive bridge of nerve tracts
39
Cerebral Cortex
§ Thin highly convoluted outer layer of gray matter
40
Spinal Cord Injuries
○ Common causes of damage are trauma § Car accidents § Gunshots § Falls § Sports injuries
41
Damage-Disease- Addiction
○ Major problem § Nerve tissue will not regenerate nor repair itself ○ Alternate pathway learning § Pre-frontal lobotomy § Rehabilitation ○ General frustration of "How" the brain works ○ Known fact § It can be classically conditioned Déjà vu
42
Medical Conditions
§ D.T.'s - Delirium Tremens- excess use of alcohol § Parkinson's disease - Mohamid Ali Alzheimer's Disease
43
Crack Cocaine
○ Crack is 100% addictive with first use ○ Cocaine prevents the enzymatic re-cycling of the neurotransmitter Dopamine ○ Produces a continual stimulation of the pleasure centers of the brain ○ If first dose kills- it is due to respiratory and cardiac failure
44
Movement
* Conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy
45
Functions of Skeletal System
○ Primary function is Support ○ Secondary function is Movement (or locomotion) This is accomplished in conjunction with our muscle systems
46
Endoskeleton
§ Internal Made of calcium carbonate
47
Exoskeleton
§ External § Chitin § Restricted in Size § Must be molted
48
Where are largest animals
○ Our largest vertebrates and invertebrates are found in the marine environment ○ Largest vertebrate is the Blue Whale ○ Largest invertebrate Giant Squid
49
Can one have a large organism without a skeletal system?
○ Yes ○ Lion's mane jellyfish § Hydrostatic skeleton § No support § Just locomotion ○ Removed from water? § PANCAKE ○ What are implications for us? § Easier to exercise in water and childbirth
50
Composed of Two regions
Axial Skeleton Appendicular
51
Axial Skelton
§ Skull, ribs, spine, tailbone § Functions in protection of major organ systems
52
Appendicular Skeleton
Arms Legs Functions in movement
53
Skeletal system is composed of both:
○ Cartilage and bone ○ Both have advantages and disadvantages
54
Cartilage
○ Lightweight and flexible
55
Bone
○ Heavy and Rigid ○ Will repair itself (including the skull)
56
Trepanning
○ Making a burr hole in the skull ○ Common in many cultures in Europe and the southwestern American Indians
57
Osteoporosis
○ Calcium loss in bones ○ High in females ○ 980% of the estimated 10 million Americans who have osteoporosis are women ○ Increases with Age ○ About 15% of women break their hip at some point in life ○ The risk of death in the year following a fracture is about 20% in older people
58
Treatment for osteoporosis
○ Prevention is best ○ Calcium - diet high in calcium ○ Calcium Supplements ○ Bone Density tests
59
Sarcomere
○ Basic unit of muscle tissue ○ Ability to contract ○ Composed of two protiens § Actin § Myosin § Function like an electro-magnet
60
Properties of Muscle system
○ Individual muscle unites (sarcomeres) exhibit the same "All or None" principle as the nerve cells ○ The Balance in "Muscle tone" is a conditioned response ○ Individual "Muscle ticks" such as hiccoughs are a function of the nervous system ○ "Muscle Relaxers" act on the nervous system - not the muscles
61
Smooth Muscle
○ Found in our intestines ○ Non-striated ○ Involuntary
62
Skeletal Muscle
○ Attached to skeletal system ○ Most visible § Larger muscle of the appendicular skeleton ○ Striated ○ Voluntary
63
Cardiac Muscle
○ Found only in the heart ○ Striated ○ Involuntary
64
Muscle Cramps
○ Cramps are the result of low sodium levels in your body ○ Old remedy § Jar of pickle juice ○ New Remedy § Gatorade § About 7% sodium
65
Tetanus (lockjaw)
○ 40-50 cases/year reported in Us since 1995 ○ Worldwide § 500 thousand - million/year On average 10% are fatal
66
Anabolic Steroids
○ After changing ○ Not all steroids are harmful ○ Increase in the synthesis of muscle proteins ○ Testosterone base in way they work on the body
67
Side effects in Males
§ Produce an increase in Irritability and Aggressiveness (Roid Rage) § Acne-Baldness § Shrinking of the testes
68
Side effects in Females
§ Increase in facial hair § Decrease in breast size
69
Cell Division
○ Mitosis § 2N cells -> 2N cells § Accounts for normal cell growth ○ Meiosis § 2N cells -> 1N cells § Reduction division Egg & sperm cells
70
Chromosomes
○ Color body ○ Protein & DNA
71
Karyotype
○ 22 pair of autosomes ○ 1 pair of sex chromosomes
72
Two functions of Cell Division
○ Karyokinesis § Splitting of chromosomes ○ Cytokinesis § Splitting of cytoplasm
73
Spindle Fibers
Made of Microtubules
74
Interphase
§ G1 □ Growing after split § S □ Synthesis § G2 □ Growing after synthesis
75
Prophase
§ Cells come together § Nuclear membrane begins to fragment and disappears Microtubules appear & form the spindle
76
Metaphase
§ Chromosomes align at the center of the spindle
77
Anaphase
§ Separated chromosomes and move to poles of the spindle
78
Telophase
§ Nuclear membrane reforms § Chromosomes begin to disappear § Cleavage furrow pinches the cell in half to form two cells
79
PMAT
○ Nonsense term for remembering the stages of cell division
80
Types of Reproduction
○ Asexual ○ Sexual
81
Asexual Reproduction
○ Used by plants and many lower life forms (Bacteria) ○ Insures survival Offspring are identical
82
Sexual Reproduction
○ Based upon the types of gametes produced ○ Used by most advanced plants and animals ○ Insures a higher level of variation Needs more than one individual
83
Male sperm Cell
○ Small in size ○ Life expectancy 24-36 hours ○ Without yolk ○ With a flagellum Mobile
84
Female Egg Cell
○ Large in size ○ Contains large amounts of yolk ○ Without a flagellum Non-mobile
85
Protandry
○ Change sex with age Ex: Mollusks
86
Parthenogenesis
○ Produce fertile eggs when males are absence
87
Bees and Wasps
○ Females are diploid ○ Males are haploid
88
Male Organ
Testes Penis Scrotum Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicle Prostate Gland Urethra Spermatogenesis
89
Testes
§ Outside body cavity located in scrotum § Temperature regulating mechanism § Very high temp decrease sperm production § Two functions □ Sperm production □ Secretion of Testosterone Not castration of livestock
90
Vas Deferens
§ Tube passes out of scrotum into body cavity and on to the penis Site of hernia and vasectomy
91
Seminal Vesicle
Add fluid to sperm to produce semen
92
Prostate Gland
§ Site of cancer in older men Add fluid to sperm to produce semen
93
Urethra
Final passage of the semen during sexual intercourse
94
Spermatogenesis
Production of 4 haploid sperm cells from 1 diploid cell
95
Female Organ
Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina Cervix Oogenesis
96
Oviduct
§ Fallopian tubes Tubular pregnancy and tubular ligation
97
Ovary
§ Located in body cavity § Two functions □ Production of eggs Production of estrogen
98
Uterus
§ Womb § Child is carried here § Inner lining Endometrium
99
Vagina
Deposition of sperm during intercourse
100
Cervix
IUD's inserted here
101
Day 14 of the 28 day cycle
§ Ovulation and possible pregnancy
102
Oogenesis
§ Production of egg cells
103
Contraception
○ Any means of preventing a pregnancy ○ Abstention: 100% ○ Rhythm method: ~ 80% ○ Condom: ~ 90% ○ IUD: ~ 95% ○ The Pill: ~ 98-99% ○ Spermicides: ~ 50-80% ○ Vasectomy: Above 99% ○ Tubial Ligation: Above 99% ○ Surgical reversals are only 50% effective
104
Placenta
○ Capillary bed between fetal and maternal blood flows Exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, urea, etc.
105
Ectoderm
○ Epidermis of skin ○ Epithelium of mouth and nose ○ Nervous system
106
Mesoderm
○ Skeleton ○ Muscles Dermis of skin
107
Endoderm
○ Digestive system and associated glands

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