BIO 2|DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

Question 1

3 DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

Answer 1

• CATASTROPHISM BY GEORGES CUVIER
• INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAIT BY JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK
• THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION BY CHARLES DARWIN

Question 2

French Zoologist and Paleontologist

Answer 2

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Question 3

states that the Earth has been shaped by sudden, often unpredicted, events that are short-lived but impactful. It proposes the idea that catastrophes are responsible for mass extinctions and other processes.

Answer 3

CATASTROPHISM BY GEORGES CUVIER

Question 4

French Naturalist and Biologist

Answer 4

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829)

Question 5

According to Lamarck, organisms alter their behavior in response to environmental change. Their changed behavior, in turn, modified their organs, and their offspring inherited those “improved” structures.

Answer 5

INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAIT BY JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

Question 6

Naturalist, Geologist and Biologist

Answer 6

Charles Darwin (1808-1882)
“THE FATHER OF EVOLUTION”

Question 7

defined evolution as “descent with modification,”
the idea that species change over time, give rise to new
species, and share a common ancestor.

Answer 7

THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION

Question 8

The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is
___________

Answer 8

natural selection

Question 9

__________causes populations to become adapted, or increasingly well-suited, to their environments over time.
depends on the environment and requires existing heritable variation in a group.

Answer 9

Natural selection

Question 10

H.M.S Beagle

Answer 10

Her Majesty’s Ship
1831-1836

Question 11

In ___, Darwin published his famous book,_____. This book caused a lot of controversy, but it also gained a lot of support.

Answer 11

1859

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 12

Darwin found that nearby islands in the ________ had similar but not identical species of finches living on them.

Answer 12

Galápagos

Question 13

This mechanism was elegant and logical, and it explained how populations could evolve (undergo descent with modification) in such a way that they became better suited to their environments over time.

Answer 13

natural selection

Question 14

Traits are often_____. In living organisms, many characteristics are inherited or passed from parent to offspring.

Answer 14

heritable

Question 15

FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION

Answer 15

1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Overproduction
4. Reproductive advantage

Question 16

Individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with adaptive traits give them some advantages and are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Answer 16

Variation

Question 17

refers to the degree of
adaptation of an individual to its environment which is passed onto future generations.

Answer 17

Fitness

Question 18

Variations in traits of individuals maybe passed on to their offspring.

Answer 18

Heritability

Question 19

Organisms can produce more individuals than can be supported by the environment.

Answer 19

Overproduction

Question 20

Some traits allow individuals to gain more advantage in terms of fitness.

Answer 20

Reproductive advantage

Question 21

6 MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION

Answer 21

1. NATURAL SELECTION
2. GENETIC DRIFT
3. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
4. MUTATION
5. MIGRATION
6. RECOMBINATION

Question 22

• usually predominates in large populations
• It results in evolution when
  individuals with higher survival and reproductive rates pass on these traits
  to their offspring.
• operates according to the differential reproductive successes of individuals.

Answer 22

NATURAL SELECTION

Question 23

• Random change in the frequency of gene. In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave
  behind a few more descendants than other individuals.
• A large reduction in the size of the population increases evolutionary change by genetic drift is termed bottleneck.

Answer 23

GENETIC DRIFT

Question 24

Some individuals may survive by ____. The offspring of these individuals carry the genes for the “lucky” and not necessarily the “better” individuals

Answer 24

luck

Question 25

a technique in which the intervention of humans allows only for selected organisms to breed and produce offspring.

Answer 25

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

Question 26

A change in the DNA of an organism. ____________ is a random event and it may be beneficial or harmful. Environmental factors may influence the rate of __________ and not all __________ result in evolution.

Answer 26

MUTATION

Question 27

is the movement of populations, groups or individual species. It enables gene flow.

Answer 27

MIGRATION

Question 28

the movement of genetic characteristics from one population to another

Answer 28

gene flow

Question 29

Exchange of segments between DNA molecules or chromosomes.

Answer 29

RECOMBINATION

Question 30

refers to largescale changes that occur over extended time periods, such as the formation of new species and groups.

Answer 30

Macroevolution

Question 31

refers to smallscale changes that affect just one or a few genes and happen in populations over shorter timescales.

Answer 31

Microevolution

Question 32

refers to the total collection of fossils discovered and studied by paleontologists and geologists.

Answer 32

The fossil record

Question 33

are the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient organisms or their activities found in rocks and sedimentary layers of the Earth's crust.

Answer 33

Fossils

Question 34

Types of Fossils (8)

Answer 34

Petrified Fossils Mold Fossils Cast Fossil Trace Fossils Amber Fossils Index Fossils True-form fossils Microfossils

Question 35

These fossils form when organic materials are replaced by minerals, turning them into stone. _______ fossils can preserve the cellular structure of the original organism.

Answer 35

Petrified Fossils

Question 36

_______ fossils are formed when the remains of an organism, such as a shell or bone, dissolve or decay, leaving an impression in the surrounding rock. These impressions are called molds.

Answer 36

Mold Fossils

Question 37

are created when a mold is filled with minerals or sediments, creating a replica of the original organism.

Answer 37

Cast Fossil

Question 38

are essentially three dimensional copies of the mold

Answer 38

Casts

Question 39

are indirect evidence of ancient life, including footprints, tracks, burrows, nests, and coprolites (fossilized feces). These fossils provide information about the behavior and activities of organisms rather than their physical remains.

Answer 39

Trace Fossils

Question 40

is fossilized tree resin that can trap small organisms, such as insects or plant parts. The resin hardens over time, preserving the trapped organisms in incredible detail.

Answer 40

Amber Fossils

Question 41

are fossils of organisms that lived for a limited geologic period and had a wide geographic distribution. These fossils are useful for dating and correlating the layers of rock in which they are found, helping scientists determine the age of rock formations.

Answer 41

Index Fossils

Question 42

are organisms that are preserved entirely in their natural form.

Answer 42

True-form fossils

Question 43

are tiny fossils that require a microscope to be seen. They include microscopic organisms like diatoms, foraminifera, and pollen grains.

Answer 43

Microfossils

Question 44

Anatomical Comparison of Organisms (3)

Answer 44

Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures

Question 45

If two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a complex bone structure or a body plan, they may all have inherited this feature from a common ancestor. Physical features shared due to evolutionary history (a common ancestor) are said to be _____

Answer 45

Homologous structures

Question 46

are common traits found in different groups of species which are anatomically different, and serve the same function, but evolved independently in the different groups of species.

Answer 46

Analogous structures

Question 47

is a biological structure that has lost a major ancestral function and is usually drastically reduced in size.

Answer 47

Vestigial structures

Question 48

the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved. Structures that are absent in the adults of some groups often appear in their embryonic forms, disappearing by the time the adult or juvenile form is reached.

Answer 48

Embryology

Question 49

The spread and distribution of species of organisms in different geographical positions across the planet is known as ____________. The geographic distribution of organisms on Earth follows patterns that are best explained by evolution, in combination with the movement of tectonic plates over geological time.

Answer 49

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Question 50

Like structural homologies, similarities between biological molecules can reflect shared evolutionary ancestry. At the most basic level, all living organisms share: * The same genetic material (DNA) * The same, or highly similar, genetic codes * The same basic process of gene expression (transcription and translation) * The same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids

Answer 50

Molecular Biology