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Bio 224 Dextur > Bio 224 FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

Bio 224 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of STD

A

Bacterial
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea
- Syphillis
-Secondary syphillis
-Tertiary syphillis

Parasitic
- Trichomoniasis

Virus
- HPV
- Respiratory papillomatosis
-uHerpes type 2
-HIV

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2
Q

Chlamydia what it is caused, symp and if untreated

A

Caused by Chalmydia trachomatis
Symp: painful urination, pelvic pain and testes/vaginal discharge
If untreated
-Spreads to the uterus and uterine tubes which cause PID (pelvic inflamatory disease) which can cuase infertility

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3
Q

In chlamydia when newborns may be infected in the birth canal it can lead to

A

form CONJUNCTICITIS which leads to blindness

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4
Q

Gonorrhea is caused by

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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5
Q

Gonorrhea symptomes and if untreated

A

Symp; Painful urination, vaginal bleeding and penile discharge
If untreated leads to PID and blindness in newborns

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6
Q

What caused syphillis

A

Treponema pallidum

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7
Q

Chancre

A

small , painless lesion, if in contact with chancre is transmissible up to 6 weeks

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8
Q

Secondary syphillus

A

Develop after charcre heals

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9
Q

Secondary syphilis symp and if untreated

A

Symp: cause pink rash all over body and joint pain are common in this stage. They can come and go
Untreated: Disease enters latent stage, immune systen kill bacteria and progress to..

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10
Q

Trichomoniasis caused by

A

Protozan Trichomonas Vaginalis

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11
Q

Tertiary syphillis

A

Produce destructive brain lesions and damage cardio organs, bones, joints and may be fatal
Symp: They come and go over the years

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12
Q

Trichomoniasis symptoms

A

Symp: Cause itching, burning or redness of genitals(May be asymptomatic)
In women
Results in a white or greenish vaginal dicharge with a strong odor

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13
Q

HPV

A

Most common STI in USA
In male -penis, perineum or anus
in female- Cervix, vaginal wall and anus

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14
Q

Respiratory Papillomatosis

A

Rare condition that leads to warts in newborn’s throat when mother has genital warts in late pregnancy
Strains can lead to cervical cancer

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15
Q

uHerpes simplex virus type 2
symp and are they tranmissible

A

Both genders suffer with extremely painful blisters on external genitalia, thighs and buttocks
Yes they are when blisters are present since activly shedding

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16
Q

HIV- Human immunodeficiency Virus

A

If untreated - leads to death in 5-7 years
If treated- Asymptomatic, normal life expectancy

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17
Q

Blood pH normal levels

A

Normal pH range is 7.35-7.45
Must maintain a slightly alkaline range to “Prevent cellular damage”

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18
Q

What is found in semen?

A

Seminal fluid from seminal vesicles - 60-70% of semen composed of
- Fructose, prostaglandins and coagulating proteins and enzymes

Prostatic secretions- 20-30% of semen
Citrate, Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA), Antimicrobial chemicals:

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19
Q

Functions of sustentacular cells

A

Physically hold sperm cells in place
Provide structural support for stem cells and secrete testicular fluid and help transport sperm in the seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

When are gametes produced in both sexes?

A

Male gametes are called sperm and produced in the testes
Women’s gametes are called Ova ( Egg cells) and are produced during oogenesis

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20
Q

function of testosterone

A

Is a sex hormone that is located in males
Testosterone levels increase dramatically at puberty

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21
Q

Function of estrogen

A

Is a sex hormone that is located in females
Is one of two ( androgen) that apper to influence sexual behavior because of interactions with hypothalamus.

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22
Q

Function of progesterone

A

To prepare the endometrium (lining of your uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow. If a pregnancy doesn’t occur, the endometrium sheds during your menstrual period. If conception occurs, progesterone increases to support the pregnancy

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23
Q

Purpose of vitamin D

A

Helps regulate ion involved in calcium and phosphate
-Build bones and keep them healthy
Is one of the only ways the body can absorbed calcium through vitamin D

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24
What is GFR?
Glomerular Filtration Rate Is filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute ( 125 ml/min) Filtering all 3 liters of blood plasma abut 60 times per day
25
What regulates GFR?
regulated by both intrinsic (within the kidneys) and extrinsic (hormonal and neural) mechanisms Intrinsic: Myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback Extrinsic: RAAS, Sympatheic nervous system, and hormo regulation
26
Fixed acids
Acids that are unable to change to gaseous state and must be eliminated by kidneys Urinary system: controls the amount of fixed acids and bicarb ions in the ECF
27
Volatile acid
An acid that can be converted to a gaseous form that may be exerted through the lungs Respiratory system: which controls the amount of volatile acids in the ECF
28
Role of adipose tissue on menstruation
influencing estrogen production and metabolism, affecting menstrual cycle regularity and potentially leading to heavy menstruation in some cases obesity
29
Behavioral methods and effectiveness
100% abstinence ( No sex) 25% of getting prego/ used correctly 3-5%- Rhythm method ( Tracking womens menstural cycle to identify her fertal period) 25% of getting prego/used correctly4%- Withdrawal ( Pull out method)
30
Permanent methods
Vasectomy-0.15%/ 0.10 Tubal ligation and implants- 0.5%/ 0.5%
31
Hormonal methods
Skin patch, Vaginal contraceptive ring 1-2%/0.1% Brith control pill 1-2%/ 0.3% Mini pill - 2%/0.5% Intrauterine devices and system (IUD) - 0.2-.8%/ 0.2-.6%
32
Barrier methods
Condoms- 15-21%/ 2-5% diaphragm , cervical cap, sponge with spermicide 16-32%/6-9% Spermicides 29%/18% No birth control 85%
33
Sodium abnormal levels and symp
Hyponatremia ( low sodium): Cause confusion, seizures and coma Hypernatremia ( High sodium): can lead to dehydration, confusion and seizures
34
Potassium abnormal levels and symp
Hypokalemia( Low potassium): can cause muscle weakness, fatigue and cardiac arrhythmias Hyperkalemia( High potassium): cause muscle weakness, fatigue and cardiac arrhythmias
35
Calcium abnormal levels and symp
Hypocalcemia ( Low calcium): cause muscle cramps, spams, and seizures Hypercalcemia( High sodium): cuase muscle weakness, fatigue and kidney stones
36
Magnesium abnormal levels and symp
Hypomagnesemia ( Low magnesium): cause muscle weakness, spasms and arrhythmias Hypermagnesemia ( high magnesium): cause muscle weakness, low blood pressure and repiratory problems
37
JG apparatus function
regulate blood pressure and (GFR) through the(RAAS). It does this by sensing changes in blood flow and sodium concentrations in the nephron and responding by releasing renin, which initiates the RAAS.
38
Respiratory system effects on blood pH
Lungs directly control CO2 levels in blood; also control amounts of both carbonic acids and hydrogen ions.
39
Urianry system effects on blood pH
Kidneys excrete fixed acids that lungs can not and they contribute to acid base balance by controlling bicarbonate ion concentrations in blood
40
pH decrease
Manufacture new bicarb ion when pH of blood becomes ACIDIC
41
pH increases:
secrete and eliminate bicarb ions when blood become too ALKALINE
42
What influences RAAS
stimi by sympathetic nervous system, low glomerular hydrostatic pressure , and stimi from macula densa
43
What is RAAS
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system- Maintain bp over both short and long term.
44
What does RAAS do
When blood pressure drops JG cells to release RENIN into bloodstream, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I further converter to active form, angiotensin-II by angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) produced by endothelial cells in lungs.
45
Podocyte function
Finger like pedicels that wrap around the glo capillaries that form slits. These slits allow ONLY substances with a diameter less than 6-7 mm to enter the capsular space.
46
Water gains
( Body gains about 2.5 liters of water daily from 3 main sources) Liquids ( 1500 ml) Food ( 750 ml) Catabolism ( 250 ml)
47
Water losses
Most is lost in kidneys in urine,Body must excrete a minimum amount of solutes to prevent buildup of toxic substances and electrolyte imbalances
48
Obligatory water loss
amount of urine that must be produced daily respective of fluid intake to excrete wastes and there soultes Urine ( 1500 ml) Feces ( 100 ml) Skin ( 600 ml) Lungs ( 300 ml)
49
Insensible water loss
Water loss that i not sensed or noticed; includes water lost to sweat or ventilation
49
Sensible water loss
Water loss that is sensed or noticed; includes water lost to the urine and the feces
50
Puberty in males
Begins 12-14 years of age TESTOSTERONE levels increase and tigger spermatogenesis of secondary sexual characteristics Testosterone causes somatic effects and many which are anabolic in nature
51
Decline in males
Male climacteric ( ANDROPAUSE) - Repro functions decline in men and changes are typically gradual sometimes during their fifth decade in life but does vary
52
Decline in males What can happen
-Size and weight of testes may decrease - # of susenticualr ( create less inhibin) and interstitial cells( less testosterone) may decline -Decrease sperm production - More depressed, fatigue -Loss of muscle mass, and decrease in bone density
53
First signs of puberty in females
Menarche- Fiest episode of menstrual bleeding occurs aproxiamtly 2 years after onset puberty. Will not occur until a girl has 15-17% body fat
54
Puberty in females
Begins between 9-11 year of age when secretion of estrogen and progesterone increase from ovaries
55
Leptin
Hormone secreted by adipose tissue and stimi gonadotropin secretion
56
Decline in females
Female climacteric- Menopause ( Point when menstruation has not occurred for at least one year)
57
Decline in females and what can happen
-Alter female secondary sex characteristics -Breasts, uterus, and uterian tubes may shrink and hair may thin -Bone density decreases causing osteoporosis -“Hot flashes”- changes in rhythmic secretions of GnRH by hypothalamus in response to decreasing blood levels of sex hormo.
58
Atresia
a process in which immature follicles degenerate and are reabsored during follicular phase of menstrual cycle.
59
Life cycle of a primordial follicle to rupture follicle
Primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle vesicular follicle ruptured follicle
60
Primordial follicle
primary oocyte surrounded by dingle layer of squamous follicle cells
61
Primary follicle
Follicle cells become cuboidal and microvilli/thecal cells develop
62
Vesicular follicle
Primary oocyte finished meiosis 1 to become secondary oocyte, surrounded by granulosa cells and mautraion of this stage takes 350 days
63
Secondary follicle
Primary oocyte surrounded by multiple layers of granulosa cells; follicular fluid found in small cavities around oocyte
64
Ruptured follicle
Secondary ocyte is released from vesicular follicle ( Take some day to travel)
65
Functions of urinary system
Maintain body hemostasis, filtration and waste removal, fluid/electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, bp regulation, erythrocyte production, urine transport and elimination.
66
Function of urinary system non filtration
It regulates fluid balance, electrolyte levels, blood pressure, red blood cell production, and acid-base balance.
67
Determining renal clearance
Measurement rate at which kidney removes substances form blood and can be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate
68
Creatine
waste product to estimate renal clearance
69
Inulin
Carb that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted providing more precise GFR
70
Chemical buffering systems
Chemical system that buffer body fluids
71
Physiological buffers systems
Rely on functions of organs systems to buffer fluids
72
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system
Most IMPORTANT system in blood; consisit of carbonic acid and its weak conjugate base of bicarb. -More hydrogen lower pH -Bicarb ion can interact with hydrogen ion released by strong acids forming weak acid, bicarb resists drop in pH
73
Phosphate system
Resists changes created by addition of acids and bases to cytosol and kidney tubles where this buffer system is important.
74
Protein buffer system
Largest buffer system due to proteins which compose 60-70% of bodys total capacity and maintain homeotsatic levels, binds to weak bases and removes acids from solution to maintain pH
75
Respiratory system effect on blood pH
Lungs directly control CO2 levels in blood and control amount of both carbonic acid and hydrogen ions.
76
Urinary system effects on blood pH
Kidneys excrete fixed acids that lungs cannot and they contribute to acid-base balance
77
Hypertonic solutions
Concentration higher in outside than inside of cell causing water to leave the cell leading to shrinking
78
Hypotonic solutions
Concentration lower in outside than inside of cell causing water to enter cell and can lead to swelling and bursting.
79
Intracellular compartment
t cells and their sytosol ICF accounts for 60% of body fluids or 26 liters
80
Extracellular compartment
filled with ECF and composed of blood plasma (8%) and intersitital fluid (32%) ( 40% of out cells)
81
Sodium Ecf/Icf
145/10
82
Chlorine Ecf/Icf
117/3
83
Calcium Ecf/Icf
3/0.02
84
bicarb Ecf/Icf
27/15
85
protiens Ecf/Icf
2/50
86
Potassium Ecf/Icf
4/140
87
magnesium Ecf/Icf
2/35
88
Sulfate Ecf/Icf
1/20
89
Hydrogen phosphate Ecf/Icf
2/100
90
Nervous system influence in repro
Controlling hormone release that affects sexual behavior, maturation, and overall reproductive function For males when ejacutaling they are under sympathetic nervous system control and occurs during emission and expulsion.
91
Emission
Movement and scretion
92
Expulsion
Accumulation in urethra).
93
Nervous system influence on the renal system
Efferent- renal blood flow, GFR, dosidum and water excretion and RAAS Afferent- renorenal reflex, BP regulation and renal disease and injury
94
Proximal tubule
Reabsorbed: 65% of water, 100% of glucose, 90% of bicarb and 65% of sodium, potassium, etc Secreted: Hydrogen, nitriogenous wastes ( uric acid) and some drugs
95
Descending limb
Reabsorbed: 20% of water
96
Ascending limb
Reabsorption: 25% of sodium and chlorine
97
Distal tubule
Reabsorbed: 10% of water and sodium and calcium Secreted: potassium and hydrogen Hormo: Aldosterone (causes sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted into the lumen by principal cells.

Bio 224 Dextur (12 decks)

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