BIO 242 Chapter 27

Question 1

These two domains share: no peptidoglycan walls, introns, RNA polymerases, growth is not inhibited by certain antibiotics, and histones.

Answer 1

Archaea and Eukarya

Question 2

These two domains share the following characteristics: operons, circular DNA, plasmids, no nuclear envelope, no membrane-bound organelles, and 70S ribosome size.

Answer 2

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 3

These two domains share the following: unbranched hydrocarbons, no growth over 100 degrees C.

Answer 3

Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 4

Spherical shape of prokaryotes

Answer 4

Cocci

Question 5

Rod shape of prokaryotes

Answer 5

Bacilli

Question 6

Spiral or helical shape of prokaryotes

Answer 6

Spirilla

Question 7

Clusters of cocci prokaryotes

Answer 7

Staphylo-

Question 8

Chains of spirilla prokaryotes

Answer 8

Strepto-

Question 9

Simpler cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan (purple stain)

Answer 9

Gram-positive

Question 10

More complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and with an additional outer cell membrane with lipopolysaccharides (pink stain)

Answer 10

Gram-negative

Question 11

Why is gram-negative generally more dangerous than gram-positive?

Answer 11

Gram-negative has the additional outer membrane that makes it more resistant to antibiotics, and the lipopolysaccharides are often toxic.

Question 12

This outer sticky protective layer help cells adhere to their substratum, increase resistance, and glue together bacteria that live as colonies.

Answer 12

Capsules

Question 13

Surface appendages that help prokaryotes to adhere to each other or to the substratum.

Answer 13

Pili

Question 14

Common method of locomotion that is scattered over the entire surface or concentrated at one or both ends.

Answer 14

Flagella

Question 15

The protein with “9 pairs + 2” arrangement found in flagella

Answer 15

Flagellin

Question 16

The region in prokaryotes where DNA is concentrated.

Answer 16

Nucleoid region

Question 17

Smaller rings of DNA that usually contain one gene or a few genes. These replicate independently of the chromosome and can be transferred between partners during conjugation.

Answer 17

Plasmids

Question 18

Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes.

Answer 18

Binary fission

Question 19

One cell directly transfers genes to another cell via sex pilus and plasmids.

Answer 19

Conjugation

Question 20

Viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes

Answer 20

Transduction

Question 21

Bacterial cell absorbs and integrates fragments of DNA from their environment. This allows considerable genetic transfer between prokaryotes, even across species lines.

Answer 21

Transformation

Question 22

Major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes, especially since their generation times are so short.

Answer 22

Mutation

Question 23

These are produced by some species to act as resting stages that can resist harsh environmental conditions.

Answer 23

Endospores (like anthrax that can be found in the ground)

Question 24

Prokaryotes that require oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration).

Answer 24

Obligate aerobes

Question 25

Prokayotes that will use oxygen if present but can also grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment.

Answer 25

Facultative anaerobes

Question 26

Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen and use either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

Answer 26

Obligate anaerobes

Question 27

Membrane lipopolysaccharides fragments that are toxic and can cause fever and bleeding when bacteria lyses.

Answer 27

Endotoxins

Question 28

Released from living bacteria and are more deadly and not fever producing.

Answer 28

Exotoxins

Question 29

Modified flagella running beneath the outer membrane that move spirochetes

Answer 29

Axial filaments

Question 30

Used by some cyanobacteria for locomotion so they can float up and down in water.

Answer 30

Gas vesicles

Question 31

These prokaryotes use light as their energy source and CO2 for carbon source.

Answer 31

Photoautotroph | photo=light (auto=CO2 carbon source) (hetero=organic carbon source)

Question 32

These prokaryotes use inorganic chemicals (hydrogen, sulfide, etc.) as their energy source and CO2 for carbon source.

Answer 32

Chemoautotroph

Question 33

These prokaryotes use light as their energy source and organic compounds (sugars) as carbon source.

Answer 33

Photoheterotroph

Question 34

These prokaryotes use organic compounds (sugars) as the energy source and organic compounds (sugars) as the carbon source.

Answer 34

Chemoheterotroph