Chapter 13

Question 1

Producing spores of one kind only that are not differentiated by sex. The spores of these plants, such as horsetails and most ferns, grow into bisexual gametophytes (producing both male and female gametes).

Answer 1

Homosporous

Question 2

the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. The smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female.

Answer 2

Heterosporous

Question 3

A type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants.

Generally speaking, this spore germinates into a female gametophyte, which produces egg cells.

Answer 3

Megaspore

Question 4

land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes,

Answer 4

Microspores

Question 5

A diploid cell in plants in which meiosis will occur, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores. At least one of the spores develop into haploid female gametophytes.

Answer 5

Megasporocyte

Question 6

diploid cells capable of undergoing meiosis to form a tetrad (four joined cells) of haploid microspores. These become pollen grains and may eventually separate.

Answer 6

Microsporocyte

Question 7

In the life cycle of plants with alternating generations; the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants (e.g. the frond of a fern)

Answer 7

Sporophyte

Question 8

In the life cycle of plants with alternating generations; the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.

Answer 8

Gametophyte

Question 9

tend to develop higher up in coniferous trees

characteristically smaller and wider, compared to seed cones

Answer 9

Pollen Cone

Question 10

The female cone contains ovules which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.

This is what typically comes to mind when thinking about “cones”

Answer 10

Ovulate Cone

Question 11

a leaf that bears sporangia.

Answer 11

Sporophyll

Question 12

The main difference between megasporophyll and microsporophyll?

Answer 12

megasporophyll bears megasporangia, which produces megaspores, whereas microsporophyll bears microsporangia, which produces microspores.

Question 13

Each of the microscopic particles, typically single cells, of which pollen is composed.

Answer 13

Pollen Grain

Question 14

A tubular structure produced by the male gametophyte of seed plants when it germinates. Elongation of this structure is an integral stage in the plant life cycle.

Answer 14

Pollen tube

Question 15

One of the two nuclei produced when the haploid nucleus of a pollen grain divides by mitosis. This nucleus is thought to control the growth of the pollen tube.

Answer 15

Tube cell nucleus

Question 16

A cell contained within the pollen grain that will divide to produce two haploid sperm cells.

Answer 16

Generative cell nucleus

Question 17

Simply “haploid nuclei”

Answer 17

Sperm

Question 18

a structure present on many land plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem.

Answer 18

Strobilus

Question 19

Sporangia that produce microspores and give rise to male gametes.

Occur in all plants that have heterosporic life cycles, such as spike mosses.

Answer 19

Microsporangia

Question 20

Sporangium containing only large spores

Answer 20

Megasporangium

Question 21

a tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.

Answer 21

Integument

Question 22

A small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.

Answer 22

Micropyle

Question 23

Part of a seed, consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves, stem, and root. Once it begins to germinate—grow out from the seed—it is called a seedling (plantlet).

Answer 23

Embryo

Question 24

the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.

Answer 24

Archegonia

Question 25

a bundle of leaves or flowers growing crowded together; alternatively, the term might refer to the vascular tissues that supply such an organ with nutrients.

Answer 25

Fascicle

Question 26

In angiosperms: the thickened part of a stem (pedicel) from which the flower organs grow. In some accessory fruits, for example, the pome and strawberry, it gives rise to the edible part of the fruit.

Answer 26

Receptacle

Question 27

Typically forms a whorl that encloses the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud.

Answer 27

Sepal

Question 28

often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. Together, all of the petals of a flower

Answer 28

Corolla

Question 29

Modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators.

Answer 29

Petal

Question 30

the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals).

Answer 30

Perianth

Question 31

the male reproductive part of a flower. In all but a few extant angiosperms, it consists of a long slender stalk, the filament, with a two-lobed anther at the tip.

Answer 31

Stamen

Question 32

the stalk of a stamen

Answer 32

Filament

Question 33

Pollen-bearing structure in the stamen (male organ) of the flower usually located on top of the filament of the stamen

Answer 33

Anther

Question 34

the stamens of a flower collectively.

Answer 34

Androecium

Question 35

The 4th, innermost, whorl of modified leaves. Highly modified megasporophylls, where they enclose one or more ovules.

Answer 35

Carpel

Question 36

the female reproductive part of a flower. Typically consists of a swollen base, the ovary, which contains the potential seeds, or ovules; a stalk, or style, arising from the ovary; and a pollen-receptive tip, the stigma, variously shaped and often sticky.

Answer 36

Pistil

Question 37

the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.

Answer 37

Ovule

Question 38

most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds.

Answer 38

Gynoecium

Question 39

Part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil. It is on top of the style. Can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen.

Answer 39

Stigma

Question 40

a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary. The stigma is at the top of this structure.

Answer 40

Style

Question 41

a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals.

Answer 41

Ovary

Question 42

What is the difference between complete and incomplete flowers?

Answer 42

Flowers typically have petals, a stamen, a pistil, and sepals. If a flower has all four of these whorls, botanists consider it "complete." A rose, for example, is a complete flower. If one of these parts is missing, the flower is called "incomplete."

Question 43

What is the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers?

Answer 43

Perfect: possess stamens and pistils Imperfect: missing either stamen or pistils

Question 44

a male flower, bearing only stamens.

Answer 44

Staminate

Question 45

a flower with only carpels, no male parts

Answer 45

Carpellate

Question 46

Having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual.

Answer 46

Monoecious

Question 47

having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.

Answer 47

dioecious

Question 48

Regular vs. Irregular Flowers | (aka: Actinomorphic vs. Zygomorphic)

Answer 48

Regular: Capable of being divided into equal halves along any diameter, as the flowers of a rose or tulip; radially symmetrical. Irregular: not capable of being divided into equal halves.

Question 49

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

Answer 49

Cotyledons

Question 50

the surface of the carpel (highly modified leaf) to which the ovules (potential seeds) are attached.

Answer 50

Placenta

Question 51

A large cell that develops in the ovule of flowering plants. It is equivalent to the female gametophyte of lower plants, although it is very much reduced.

Answer 51

embryo sac

Question 52

A large nonmotile female gamete, such as an oosphereor a megaspore.

Answer 52

egg

Question 53

This process involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei that form the endosperm. * After fertilization, the fertilized ovule forms the seed while the tissues of the ovary become the fruit. * In the first stage of embryonic development, the zygote divides to form two cells; one will develop into a suspensor, while the other gives rise to a proembryo. * In the second stage of embryonic development (in eudicots), the developing embryo has a heart shape due to the presence of cotyledons. * As the embryo grows, it begins to bend as it fills the seed; at this point, the seed is ready for dispersal.

Answer 53

Double fertilization

Question 54

A tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It is triploid in most species. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.

Answer 54

Endosperm

Question 55

The seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) Formed from the ovary after flowering. The means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds.

Answer 55

Fruit

Question 56

Develops from a plant's ovary. It forms around the seeds. On fruit, it is the edible tissue that develops around the seeds.

Answer 56

Pericarp

Question 57

Derived from a single ovary that may consist of a single carpel or a number of fused carpels.

Answer 57

Simple Fruit

Question 58

Examples of Simple Fruits

Answer 58

Berries Pome Drupe

Question 59

a fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower

Answer 59

Aggregate Fruits

Question 60

fruiting bodies formed from a cluster of fruiting flowers. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass in which each flower has produced a true fruit.

Answer 60

Multiple Fruits

Question 61

An embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.

Answer 61

Seed

Question 62

the protective outer coat of a seed.

Answer 62

Seed coat

Question 63

What are the key advancements of Seed plants over pterophyta (seedless plants, i.e. ferns)?

Answer 63

Heterospory Production of seeds

Question 64

What division produces "naked seeds?"

Answer 64

Coniferophyta

Question 65

What is the haploid/diploid parts of coniferophyta life cycle?

Answer 65

Question 66

Angiosperms are \_\_\_\_\_?

Answer 66

Flowering plants

Question 67

What are the advancements of angiosperms over gymnosperms?

Answer 67

Production of flowers & fruits

Question 68

What are the two classes of angiosperms and their differences?

Answer 68

Monocots Dicots (Eudicots)

Question 69

Label the parts

Answer 69

Question 70

Label the parts

Answer 70

Question 71

What type of flesh fruit has a hard stone or pit?

Answer 71

Drupe Ex.: peach, cherry, olive

Question 72

What kind of fleshy fruit has multiple seeds, with a soft fruit wall?

Answer 72

Berry Ex.: tomato, lemon, squash, blueberry

Question 73

What kind of fleshy fruit develops from receptacle tissue?

Answer 73

Pome Ex.: apple, pear

Question 74

What type of fruit derives from one ovary?

Answer 74

Dry fruit

Question 75

What type of dry fruit has one cavity that splits along two stems?

Answer 75

Legume Ex.: beans, peanuts, peas

Question 76

What type of dry fruit usually has several cavities, each of which splits along 1 seam?

Answer 76

Capsule Ex.: okra, lilies

Question 77

What 4 types of dry fruits do not split open?

Answer 77

Achene Caryopsis Samara Nut

Question 78

What is a hard, thick pericarp with an ovary wall separated from the seed?

Answer 78

Nut Ex.: walnuts, pecans, acorns

Question 79

What type of dry fruit have winged seeds?

Answer 79

Samara Ex.: maples, ashes, elms

Question 80

What type of fruit has single seeds attached to a thin pericarp?

Answer 80

Caryopsis Ex.: wheat, rice, corn

Question 81

What type of dry fruit has a thin pericarp where the ovary wall and seed coat is fused together?

Answer 81

Achene Ex.: sunflower, dandelion