BIO 358 1 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
entire human story
A
1.8 million years
2
Q
are humans unique among all animals on earth
A
- we are objectively unique
- ecological dominant- extent and individual animal controls on environment
- we use a lot more energy
- ex. utilizing the earths landscapes to produce food, entertainment for us
- we “own the place”
- we live in every ecosystem
- evolved rapidly, explosively
3
Q
rapid and explosive evolution
A
- chimps and humans diverge at the same time
- humans become different in an explosive hurry in comparison
4
Q
reductionist pyramid
A
- each level of the pyramid emerges from the last
- not all parts of the level below are relevant to the one above
- each level is just as simple as another
- all the complexity has a simple explanation
5
Q
non-human animal society
A
- individual conflicts of interest determine animal social behavior toward non-family members (non-kin)
- all animals have conflict of interest
- social cooperation is limited by conflict of interest -> bc cooperation is restricted to kin (family)
6
Q
human animal society
A
- we control conflict of interest
- this allows us to cooperative
- dramatic change from non-human animal society
- social coercion theory
- humans are first to evolve control of individual conflicts of interest
- we ostracize people who against people who dont cooperate
- use the mutual threat of violence to avoid violence
7
Q
social coercion theory
A
use coercive threat in order to manage conflict of interest in order to cooperate
- inexpensive social coercive threat emerged with humans
- emerge explosively after law enforcement
8
Q
non-human animal restricted by conflict of interest example
A
- rogue males on the loose ready to take control of other kins
- invading male will kill any cubs not in his kin
- invading male will mate with the female of the group he invaded and start a new kin
- non-kin- conflict
- kin- cooperation
9
Q
“private” domain
A
- same for non-humans and humans
- lion pride is controlled by kin ship like how we value our families
10
Q
“public” domain
A
- non-kin
- for non-humans there is extreme violence
- for humans we cooperate still
11
Q
how are humans different
A
- systematically suppress competitive behavior
- allows evolution of non-kin cooperative behavior
- revolutionary new management of the conflict of interest problem -> coercive suppression of conflict of interest- law enforcement
- elite throwing
- social coercion theory
12
Q
the history of human knowledge enterprise tells use that the only viable explanations are scientific theories
A
- newtons laws
- all the complexity has a simple explanation
- test of falsifiable theories will tell you if its true
- theory should be able to be written on the front of the t-shirt
- does it make testable predictions
13
Q
phylogenetic analysis
A
- allows us to study species
- how does it change overtime
- when a geographical barrier is introduced it creates two populations that no longer mate -> new species evolves to their environment through natural selection
- two populations accumulate genetic difference
- if a geographical barrier is removed -> two populations reunited
- test falsifiable predictions
- obtain information from common ancestors -> ancestral cat and ancestral ape -> look into their common ancestor
14
Q
speciation
A
- two populations diverge from a common ancestor
- they evolve so differently that they can no longer mate
- ex. humans and apes
15
Q
spread of cultural information
A
- control of conflicts of interest allows for exchange of cultural information
- creating the speaking, pedagogical, cultural, ethical, and economic animal (trading)
- we are able to trade stuff by suppressing theft and unfair trade
- this communication is allowed bc we have non-kin cooperation and we are able to *punish liars -> truthful cultural spread
- we have a much larger cultural stream than non-human culture
16
Q
ecological dominance
A
- extent to which a species controls the resources of an ecosystem for its own uses,
- generally at the expense of members of other species within the same ecosystem
17
Q
language
A
- highly evolved capacity of humans to exchange information using spoken and gestural symbols
- extensive semantic content
- elaborate compositional rules
- phonology- meaningless short sound segments
- morphology- combining phonological elements to make meaningful words
- syntax- combining words into complex sentences
- capable of producing effectively infinite number of sentences expressing a nearly infinite number of thoughts, ideas, and pictures
- generative
18
Q
chimps
A
- one of two african great ape species that are our closest surviving relatives
- Pan troglodytes
- the other ape most closely related to us is bonobo or pygmy chimp
19
Q
social coercion theory
A
States that unique access to inexpensive conjoint coercive threat
allowed humans to enforce and evolve vastly expanded social cooperation leading to our unique biological properties (language, cognitive virtuosity, ethical psychology)
and the details of our 2 million year history.
20
Q
phylogenetic analysis
A
- assessment of the likely behavior, morphology or other property of an extinct ancestry based on the corresponding properties in currently surviving descendants of that ancestor
- ex. use the properties of the 4 surviving great ape species to infer the properties of the last common ancestor
- contributes to our understanding of what happened to our more recent ancestors after the last common ancestor
21
Q
phylogenetic trees
A
- convenient way of graphically representing the results of phylogenetic analysis
- depicts relationships of organisms at any one time by explicitly representing their descent from older species
22
Q
primate
A
- group of related mammalian species which includes humans, apes, and monkeys
- all share a set of adaptations they originally inherited from a common ancestor:
- grasping, five-fingered hands and feet (grasping feet have been lost in humans since we diverged from the other apes.)
- high quality color binocular vision
23
Q
great apes
A
- group of living animals descended from relatively recent common ancestor
- there are 4 african great apes: gorilla, chimps, bonobos, and humans
- gorilla lineage diverged from chimp, bonobos and human lineage about 10 to 12 million years ago
- hominid lineage gave rise to us when it diverged from chimps and bonobos 6 million years ago
24
Q
gorillas
A
- one of three african great ape species that are our closest surviving relatives
- Gorilla gorilla
- more distant related than other two african apes (chimps and bonobos)
25
reductionism
- the form of explanation characteristic of the scientific method
- the universe is organized in levels of complexity, each emerging from a small subset of the properties of the simpler level below.
- ex. life is merely a special case of chemistry
- ex. Biological systems are just a very specific subclass of chemical systems
- human social behavior emerges from the simple control of a few specific elements of non-human animal social behavior
- the new theory of human origins, properties, and history uses reduction explanation in this book
26
orangutan
- a primate
- southeast asian great ape
- sole remaining asian great ape species
27
kinship independent (conspecific) social cooperation
- aka non-kin cooperation
- cooperation between nonkin members of the same species while there are conflict of interest are present
- when a cheating strategy would do better than cooperating
- new social behaviors that evolved as a result of suppression of conflict
- not based on genetic kinship
- pattern of social cooperation is not produced by kin-selection
- two non-kin conspecific animals can cooperate to mutual benefit
- the 2 non-kin conspecifics will almost always come into conflict
- this problem can only be solved when cost effective means exist to project coercive threat enforcing cooperation
28
elite throwing
- the capacity humans have to throw repeatedly and rapidly with great force and accuracy
- unique to humans
- foundational to all our unique kinship-independent social cooperation bc it allows us to project coercive threat remotely, from a distance, supporting inexpensive management of non-kin conflicts of interest
- responsible for all other unique properties as individual organisms
29
conflict of interest
- the central force of nature throughout the social world
- determines everything about social lives or humans and non-humans
- humans control and suppress conflict of interest while non-humans dont
30
why dont non-humans suppress and control conflict of interest
- its too expensive for individual non-human animals
- for humans law enforcement is a cheap and good investment
- it is natural behavior for humans
31
conspecifics
member of their own species
32
how did the difference between humans and non-human animals emerge
- elite throwing
- humans are able to kill remotely from a distance
- violence at a lower cost
- first time in history that an animal could suppress conflict of interest between non-kin at a low cost -> unique humans
33
new coercive technology
- increase of new coercive technology that permits cost effective law enforcement increases human social cooperation
- creates progress
34
combinatoriality
each level of complexity or organization in the hierarchy emerges from assembling combinations of elements from the level below
- allows quantitative accumulation of complexity at each level
- complexity emerging with simple transparency
35
cranial volume/brain size
- volume inside the brain case of skull
- measured in living and fossil skull
- human brain size is much bigger than chimp
- brain expansion requires assets that can only be provided by newly expanded scale of social cooperation
- increased human brain size allows us to identify the evolutionary origin of uniquely human kinship-dependent social cooperation
36
parsimony (theory of everything or TOE)
- scientific theory that is both simple, economical, and powerful while predicting many event within a wide domain
- can be written on the front of a shirt
- a broad and parsimonious theory is called a TOE (theory of everything) for its domain
37
human uniqueness problem
humans are merely one of millions of terrestrial animal species, yet have capabilities and a level of ecological dominance beyond those of any other animal
38
species
- all sexual organisms that are relatively similar in their anatomy and behavior
- able to mate and produce viable fertile offspring
- a species is a member of a genus (multiple species in a genus) -> they have a common ancestor
39
speciation
- a single species gradually splits into two separate populations who cannot interbreed anymore
- results from a reproductive barrier forming
- once split they evolve independently
40
extinction
the loss of all members of a species of organism
- can result from climate change, competition
- current rates are very high
41
By-product mutualism
- cooperation between nonkin members of the same species
- when conflicts of interest do not exist at the time
- 2 non related lions cooperate to take down another dominant lion
- different from kinship independent (conspecific) social cooperation
42
information
- personal experience- same for non human and human
- information learned from other- cultural information- not as much for nonhuman
- genetic information
43
genetic information
- builds bodies
| - behaviors
44
3 main segments/objectives
1. uniqueness of our solar system and earth as to the existence of the elements and stable climate to allow large animals to evolve
2. biological chemistry is simple
3. explain the building of complexity and emerging properties based on hierarchically bested combinatoriality
45
Solar system
- many hydrogen and some helium
- dependent on heavier atoms -> synthesized by nuclear fusion -> form large debris clouds
- 3rd-4th generation
- you can tell we have a lot of heavier atoms by looking at stars -> elements used to make organisms
- 1-in-a-thousand
46
Orpheus-Earth Mark 1 collision
- formed the moon
- formed asteroid belt
- 1-in-a-billion event
47
earth
- iron nickel core
- plate tectonics
- wobbles on its axis -> prevents ocean boiling -> stable climate -> redistributes momentum
- 1-in-a-trillion event
48
stars
-only 100 billion stars in a typical galaxy
49
settled knowledge
- known
- dont need to look at the evidence as much
- towards the top of the pyramid
- not disputed
50
physical and chemical laws
- same physical and chemical laws for rocks as there are for organisms
- the animals are more complex and have higher information content
- no special or new laws that differentiate them
51
subatomic particles
- atoms are made up of electrons, proton, neutron
- nuclear diameter- 10^-13
- nuclear forces- pulls the atom together
- electromagnetism- net neutral charge
- how the electron organize themselves in predictable ways around the nucleus
- outermost shell determine chemical properties
52
gold
- flexible bonds -> maliable
- electrons float freely -> conductive
- reflect photons -> shiny
- similar to silver and copper (same column)
53
carbon
- forms rigid bonds
- when you bend carbon bonds -> it shatters
- black
54
chemical bonds, strong and weak
- share and/or exchanging electrons
- character and strength depends on the interacting atoms
- strong- stable, covalent
- weak- readily reversible
55
compound
- chemical combination of multiple atoms
- range in size
- simple
56
molecule
- chemical compounds that have a large # of atoms
- can be large (macromolecule) -> DNA, most proteins
- simple in structure
57
information
- central concept of all biology
- biological systems are the products and agents of self replicating information
- information is encoded in physical entities (ex. DNA sequences) (is not the physical recorded entity)
- consists of order reflected in its physical instantiation -> allows that order to be coped and/or interact with the external physical world
58
design information
- information that builds and controls the properties of biological organisms
- genetic design information
- culturally transmitted design information
- personal experience
- all forms of design information are subject to natural selection
59
vehicle
organism
| -built by genetic design information
60
catalyst
- molecules that bind to and influence the chemical rxn of other atoms without themselves being permanently altered
- selectively accelerate chemical rxn
- allows cells and organisms to take in simple compounds and use them for specific rxn that benefit us
61
second law of thermodynamics
all physical systems tend to increase in disorder with time
- can only be overcome by input of energy from the outside
- leads to issues -> replication of genetic design information leads to mutations bc there is not infinite energy to invest in their prevention
62
complexity
- a characteristic of organisms that distinguish them from nonbiological objects
- a single celled organism is vastly more complex than a rock
- ex. self replicating system
- added capabilities allow progress -> these capabilities interact combinatorically to produce increased complexity
63
combinatoriality
- the use of combinations of limited numbers of symbols or elements to encode information or to build complexity
- ex. the letters of the alphabet are used to combinatorically encode written language
64
rare earth hypothesis
- plants that have all the diverse features necessary to support the evolution of complex organisms are very rare
- animals with complex capabilities of humans do not exist anywhere else
- shows how important we are
65
exponential notation
-convenient notation system for writing very large or very
small numbers without writing lots of zeros.
-ex. 1000 can be written in exponential notation as 103
-for multiplication add the exponents
-for division subtract exponents
66
Heterogeneous fully functioning small atoms
- we are over 50% water by mass
- H, K, Ca, P, S, C, N, O- make up 99.5% of our mass
- basically only 8 elements
- the rest of the elements are almost irrelevant
- atomic chemistry of life is simply
67
molecular chemistry is simple
- individual atom types form predictable and specific kinds of bonds with atom types which biological organisms can exploit to form covalently joined atoms to build molecules
- these molecules can also interact with each other through reversible weak bonds (ionic, hydrogen bonds) in order to do stuff
- biological systems use atoms to build molecules -> molecules interact reversibly through weak bonds to do stuff
68
simplicity of molecules
- atoms can bond in infinite ways but thats not what happens
- massive macromolecules do exists but they are just long linear chains of glucose sized monomers -> forming polymers
- makes slightly different versions of molecules by changing one group and strings them together to make information rich macromolecules
69
cellulose
- use glucose to make structural molecules
- consists of multiple extremely long strands of glucose
- multiple strands H bond
70
macromolecules
- simply just a linear chain of monomers
| - humans take these large structures and exploit them
71
hierarchically nested combinatoriality
- relating topics as you move up the reductionist pyramid
- all biological complexity has this origin
- reductionist explanation is so simple because they use hierarchically nested combinatoriality
- ex. letters make words, words make phrases, phrases make sentences, sentences make paragraphs, paragraphs make chapters, chapters makes books, and book make up the library
72
organisms as a self-manufacturing shirt
- what the macromolecules in self-manufacturing organisms or shirts need to do:
- need to make structure in plants and shirt that are cellulose based (proteins for animals)
- design (information)- allows for higher complexity and organization; need design information to build an information rich structure and behavior
- execution- ability to fold up and make molecular machines that are able to do stuff (motor proteins) -> sequence -> shape -> function
73
execution: catalysis
- enzymes are very fast -> bump into other molecules -> forms transient weak reversible bonds
- catalyst weakly binds to copy of 2 molecules by reversible rxns -> aligns them so the molecules can interact quickly
- while the catalyst is increasing one rxn its suppressing side rxns
- catalyst will take physical, nonbiological chemistry (very slow and complex) and will **selectively speed up the rxn of choice (simple, fast, biological chemistry)
- dependent on the substrate
- brings speed and simplicity to biological chemistry
- execution- polymers are used to allow organisms to act on their environments and do things they need to do
74
How chemistry encodes information
- uses a linear combinatorial code
- monomers are arranged in a way they can encode information -> polymers
- complementarity rules- synthesize the compliment (self coding) forming two strands -> separation and replication of a strand will produce two identical sets of information
75
linear, combinatorial code
- order and combination determines the code
| - ex. language
76
Franklin/Watson/Crick DNA structure- design information
- repeating units in one strand -> backbone -> CAGT
- information encoding units in the other strand
- each template leads to synthesis of its own compliment
- double redundant store of information
- implication- you can strip the strands by breaking the H bonds and use each strand to synthesize its compliment and replicate information
- A-T - 2 hydrogen bonds
- C-G - 3 hydrogen bonds
77
organisms
- *chemical* vehicles built by *chemical* design information for the "purpose" of *chemically* replicating that design information
- front of the t shirt definition of organisms
- design information is replicated and assisted by tools like catalysts -> vehicle
78
natural selection
- works directly on the information encoded in the gene
- not even the gene itself
- natural selection has no purpose
- its just a game that improves efficiency
- purposeful behavior wins this game
- purposeful animals emerge from natural selection
79
gene
- piece of design information
| - piece of design information (gene) makes gene products (tools)
80
animals
- complex vehicles built by design information for the "purpose" of replicating that information
- complexity has no impact on logic and thinking of the animal
81
DNA
- linear polymer with 4 base pairs
| - replicate itself and express the information encoded
82
nonhuman animals
- genetic information influences them almost entirely
| - humans are influenced by cultural information as well
83
genetically controlled behaviors that we share with nonhumans
-we eat cause were hungry
-sexual instincts
-
84
tools
- body
- mind
- information
- ex. cheetah chasing a rabbit -> they are both the tools -> 99.999% tool and .0001% design information
- design information- egg, sperm
- ex. virus -> outside of the virus and is tool only the information in the DNA is design information
- DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> tools -> DNA replication -> repeat
85
"purpose"
- humans have a unique sense of purpose (activism)
| - highly evolved behavior to make sure they dont starve
86
where does biological purpose come from
1. biological organisms (chemical vehicles) are "about" information- we are more information than we are our physical bodies (we replicate information not atoms)
2. Order degrades gradually overtime- we do not have access to infinite energy -> mutations (good or bad) -> allows for evolution
3. World is Malthusian (crowded)- as population increases the resources decrease -> controls pop
87
E. Coli
- exponential growth
| - it would eventually populate the entire world but its doesnt bc environment become depleted of the nutrient it needs
88
tool
gene product
- proteins
- cheetah
89
RNA world hypothesis
- DNA is copied into mRNA
- mRNA move to ribosome
- RNA machines -> leads to proteins leads to complex anatomy and functions
90
molecular machines: cholorplasts
- capture photons, CO2
- make glucose using energy from the photon
- lipid bilayer- 200 tools
- molecular machines allow the world to look green
- make food
- make O2
91
molecular machines: gut
- different cell types of the same information by expressing different subsets
- single layer
- importing monomer units from our broken down food to use for energy
92
molecular machines
- made up of macromolecules
- make organelles and cells
- allows for different types of functions that are encoded by genetic design information
93
monomer
-DNA is made up of monomers: ATCG
94
RNA
- molecules whos structure is identical to DNA
- temporary disposable copies of DNA information
- produced by transcription
- used to direct the synthesis of proteins ultimately encoded in the DNA sequence through translation
95
Protein
- linear polymers of diverse amino acid monomers whose sequence is controlled by linear sequence of bases in DNA
- fold into highly idiosyncratic molecular shapes determined by amino acid sequence
- collaborate with large molecular machines which build larger structures like organelles
- proteins are tools
- catalysts
- allow the genetic design information that produced them to be successfully replicated
96
transcription
DNA sequence is coped into a similar but disposable molecules, RNA. -> this is transcription
97
translation
RNA transcript is used to direct synthesis of protein according to genetic code-> translation
98
nucleotide (base)
CGAT
99
amino acid
- 20
- chemically different from one another so that proteins polymer is richly complex in structure
- allows for different shape and function
100
genomes
- technical term for all genetic design information directing the building of a specific organism
- sum of all genetic information
- include many pieces of design information which interact combinatorically to produce complex vehicles
101
organelle
- relatively large structures in cells that carry out specific functions
- consist of many copies of large machines generally containing dozens of proteins and other molecules
- ex. nucleus- stores genetic design information
102
purpose
- replication of genetic design information
| - passing down
103
evolution of design information shapes both bodies and minds (behaviors): historicity
we need to look at
- what the animal is adapted to do in their environment
- what the immediate ancestor looks like
104
animal design information (genome) controls anatomy simple, powerfully
- 23,000 pieces of design information (genes) make up all genomes of mammals
- undergoes replication and mutation over time
- selection sweep/event
105
species typical adaptation
- certain features that are specific to an animal that suits it to its environment
- everyone has the same basic genome and then it is tweaked for that animal (off the shelf genome)
106
hierarchically bested combinatoriality
212-555-1234
- suppose you dial this number but mess up one of the last number -> still in the same area code
- if you misdial the first number now youre in a whole other area
- this is the same concept with genes -> different genes vary in combinatorial regulation -> determines extent of trait expression
107
homeotic gene
- mis-expression of a single combinatorial regulator gene (homeotic gene)
- can cause legs to grow on head when mis-expressed!
- high combinatorial regulator
108
phenotypes
- legs on head
- physical trait
- sum total effect of all the tools the animal makes
109
genotype
Antp
| -gene mis-expression
110
alleles
- two copies that are not identical
- same gene different versions
- can differs by one base pair
111
historicity
- are feathers better than hair -> not really we just descended differently
- is flexing back and forth better-> no we just didnt evolve from dolphins or cheetahs
- features that originate from its ancestors
- NOT the new developed adaptations
112
sexual cycle
diploid haploid diploid
113
diploid
- two copies
| - jam packed with cryptic variation
114
haploid
half the copy
115
soma
- body
- sum of all tools (phenotypes)
- makes the adult body
116
germline
the gametes
- design information
- used to make sperm or eggs
117
soma + germline
= vehicle
118
independent assortment
- each chromosomes segregates independently from the other
- genetic variation
- used when making sperm or egg
119
crossing over (recombination)
- chromosomes are broken and swapped
- no information is lost or added
- increase variation
- create new chromosome
120
long term relationship of a gene to the rest of the genome
- overtime every gene has an independent trajectory
| - every individual is a random sample of the human gene pool
121
cryptic variation
- variation at one gene which produced little to no phenotype but when you put it with something else they both show
- if a and b come together suddenly a quadrapedal animal become dipedal
- if the cryptic variation has high progeny -> becomes a characteristic of the species
122
evolution can be fast
- human evolved fast from monkeys
| - strong, NEW directional selection can produce an evolution revolution
123
animals
are complex, sexual vehicles built by design information for the purpose of replication that information
-genetically programmed behaviors (not learned)
124
chromosome
- physical objects in which genetic design information is packaged in contemporary organisms
- consist of a single very long DNA molecule and a complex array of protein molecules which package, control, express, and replicate the genetic design information
- one to three thousand genes encoded along its DNA molecule
- 23 -> diploid -> 46
125
genetic variation
- result of mutation
- independent assortment
- crossing over
- change in DNA sequence produced by mutation
126
mutation
-DNA sequence is accidentally changed during replication of DNA molecule
127
allele
- different version of the same piece of genetic design information produced by mutation
- different one a single position
128
haploid
- egg and sperm
- only one copy of each gene
- meiosis
129
natural selection/darwinian variation
- self replicating system consisting of a vehicle built by genetic design information that is a biological organism susceptible to change over time
- leads to mutation
- mediate adaptation to any new environmental changes
130
sexual reproduction
- particular reproduction or replication strat where genetic design information building a vehicle is provided in 2 copies (one from each parent)
- two haploid egg and sperm have one copy of each gene -> fertilize -> diploid
131
gamete
egg or sperm
132
germline (design information)
- cells in an animals body that will mature into eggs or sperm
- applies to eggs and sperm themselves
- where genetic design information responsible for the building of multicellular animals is recorded, stored and replicated in preparation for sexual reproduction
133
Soma (vehicle)
- the body of a sexual organism as distinct from its germline
- the vehicle built by its design information for the purpose of getting that information replicated
134
genotype
- the specific collection of versions of piece of genetic design information (alleles of genes) in a specific individual organisms genome
- phenotype is a consequence of genotype
- can control behavior
- behavior will evolve to serve the interest of replicating genetic design information
135
phenotype
- morphology and behavior of an individual organism
- overt features
- behavioral phenotypes
- vehicles of the same species with only differ slightly of phenotype
136
hog nose snake
- adult snake pretends to be dead so its not eaten
- baby snakes played dead too without seeing mom
- shows that the behavior is genetically programmed
- snakes with this genetically programmed behavior survived -> passed genes
137
coocoo bird
- adult female- nest parasite- lays eggs in a nest of other birds so that they dont have to take care of it
- genetically programmed behavior
- the baby doesnt even interact with its birth mother
- step mom warbler feed the baby not knowing the difference
- baby coocoo kicks the other eggs out of the nest
- as time goes by coocoo will increase
- strong selective pressure on reed warblers
- warblers that can notice the difference between their own babies and coocoo or stay by their nest will survive better -> coocoo population goes down -> cycle repeats
- interspecies conflict of interest is shown here
138
intraspecies conflict of interest
-
139
lion infanticide
- lions will kill and eat non-kin babies
- genetically coded behavior
- the killer lion want to get rid of the past male (older worn out) and all his non-kin babies
- does not improve the gene pool
- the killer lion then mates with the female and makes his own kids
- benefit arises in a mixed population -> some infanticidal some not -> infanticidal lions in mixed populations will have an extra round of kin-cubs -> infanticidal genes will be passed down
- there is no benefit in a purely infanticidal or purely non-infanticidal
- who benefits? not the male...the males genetic design information will!
140
natural selection
purposeless
- amoral process
- unethical
141
darwinian selection for kin-sepcific cooperation (aka kin-selection)
- kin specific cooperation- non-human animals do this -> very successful for evolution
- indiscriminate cooperation- never evolves
142
confluence of interest
between close kin
143
confluence of interest
between close kin
| -cooperation with kin
144
genes
evolve as if they were alone
| -genes behave as individuals
145
siblings help close kin
- by helping siblings the genetic code is passed down very well
- help by keeping siblings alive
- they do not help bc they have the trait they help bc they are siblings
- non-humans
- sometimes its better to stay and help siblings survive then go off and reproduce on your own
- confluence of interest for replicating their DNA
146
r=
genetic relatedness
- r=50% for siblings
- probability that a gene is present in the other sibling
- natural selection see this in order to build genetic information replicated
- r=12.5%- first cousins
- r=3%- second cousins
- r=25%- grandparents, grandchildren
147
hamiltons law
-C
148
actionable conflicts of interest between close kin
- try to kill siblings bc only one will survive and pass genes -> the rest become helpers
- cost of suicide is infinite -> therefore they will come for their siblings
149
actionable conflicts of interest between close kin
- try to kill (by starving) siblings bc only one will survive and pass genes
- cost of suicide is infinite -> therefore they will come for their siblings
- takes a whole team to help one of the babies survive
150
mind
- proximate cause of behavior
- tool
- mind is an agent
- proximal- emotional, psychological
- conscience or not
151
ultimate cause of purposeful behavior
- ultimate cause of behavioral
- results in purposeful behavior
- survival
- design information and replication
- design information is coming from natural selection
