BIO 358 4 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
scale of individual speicialization
A
-immensely large bc we can directly and indirectly share cultural information
2
Q
primary coalition
A
- finite size group
- scale of cooperation that produced the original origin of humans
- capable of developing a level of adapted sophistication -> advanced stone tools
- Neanderthals and modern humans
- internally highly cooperative
- xenophobic towards externals
- they cant control conflict between these coalitions
3
Q
enlarged coalition
A
- leads to higher level adapted sophistication
- increased individual specialization
4
Q
neanderthals
A
- large brains (slightly larger than our!)
- have the same common ancestor as us -> homo heidelbergensis (.5 mil years ago)
- evolve in eurasia
- cooperate at the level of primary coalition
5
Q
50,000 years ago
A
- expanded coalition
- behaviorally and anatomically modern
- new weapon must have been developed -> expanded social scale -> adaptive revolution
6
Q
hypothesis
A
- cognitive hypothesis
- behaviorally modern humans sustained social revolution -> better supported
- behaviorally modern humans sustained a behavior improving genetic change -> not as well supported
7
Q
tool sophistication
A
- adaptive revolution
- pre-human make tools (2.5mil years ago)- oldowan tools
- first humans make more sophisticated tools- acheulean (knife, symmetrical)
- (5,000-7,000 years ago)- mousterian (levallois) tools -> slight improvement
- modern humans- produce much more sophisticated tools -> increased individual specialization (enlarged coalitions)
8
Q
art
A
- adaptive revolution
- require very sophisticated expertise
- individual specialization
- pre-modern humans- simple, child like art -> primary coalitions
- modern humans- much more sophisticated art -> enlarged coalitions
9
Q
geographical range and ecological impact
A
- adaptive revolution
- behaviorally modern humans are able to sail
- 13-25 thousand years ago
- vast expansion of geographical range
- set off massive extinction -> better hunters
10
Q
controlled burning
A
- adaptive revolution
- behaviorally modern humans
- not too hot that is rises and burns trees
- kills ticks and flees
- humanizes the environment -> extinction of a lot of animals
11
Q
hopewell
A
- mound
- behaviorally and anatomically modern humans made this
- requires a massive scale of social cooperation
- built the great circle at newark, ohio
- evidence that behaviorally modern humans commonly acted socially on much larger scales than premodern
12
Q
currency
A
- public market
- economic exchange
- currency
- durable
- difficult to counterfeit
- coercively suppress theft
- use of medium of exchange
- use beads
- originate with behavrioally modern humans -> due to social
13
Q
secondary coalitions
A
- primary coalitions cooperate
- leads to emergence of currency
- expanded labor forces
- social scale increases
14
Q
favor exchange
A
p=n(n-1)/2
- total unique pairwise interactions (p) in a population of n individuals is given by the equation
- limits the scale we can cooperate purely based on favors
- we require currency
- keeping track of tasks/favors becomes more and more difficult -> exponentially
15
Q
public market exchange
A
- mediated by currency
- monitored
- reciprocal
- secondary coalition
- in the middle of the circle and coercive weapons (atlatl) surrounding
- one entrance/exit
- burrow pit on the inside
- policing
- instantaneous value
- public so everyone can monitor
- primary coalitions engage
- organized crime -> policing is required
- require records, currency
- xenophobia can be overcome if you can police on a larger scale
- primary coalitions come together to exchange with policing
16
Q
new coercive weapon
A
-should appear with adaptation of currency
17
Q
organized crime
A
- primary coalition
- parasitic
- needs to be coercively suppressed
18
Q
no lanchester advantage
A
- one on one
- primary coalition vs primary coalition
19
Q
strong lanchester cost reduction
A
- emerged with the atlatl weapon -> spear thrower
- long distance weapon
- primary coalition is coercive from a distance
- harpoon point
- applied hunting tool to social coercion
20
Q
primary -> secondary coalition
A
-a weapon capable of INTERNAL law enforcement allowing the next scale of social cooperation to emerge
21
Q
social coercion theory
A
- self interested origins of the weapon: intergroup conflict or hunting NOT the focus
- we create weapons for intergroup conflict and hunting
- we are unique bc we have intergroup (internal) group coercion
- allowed the merging of groups that now would share cultural information, specialize, exchange fruits of labor
- scale and structure of cooperation is subject to effectiveness of the weapon when redepolyed
22
Q
inuit
A
- use simple old tools and use it in a behaviorally modern coercive way
- use local knowledge
- teamwork
- supplement seal diet
- support of the village and opportunity in village making this an adaptive opportunity despite danger
- social scale is smaller due to the simplicity of the weapon
23
Q
pre-historic history
A
-1.8mil years ago
24
Q
history class
A
- propaganda
- not true
- doubt everything
25
what does history look like: empirical matter
- rise of homo 2 mil years ago
| - elite throwing, hypercultural, expanded cranial volume, adaptive sophistication
26
adaptive sophistication (an adaptive revolution)
- staircase
- with new scales of cooperation -> adaptive sophistication explodes
- tool sophistication
- tools accumulate
- cutting knife rock- 1.6 mil
- how did we get from rock to airplane -> empirical record shows that there are adaptive revolutions
- adaptive revolution- abrupt progress
- adaptive stasis- stand still after adaptive sophistication revolution
- > adaptive staircase
- new coercive technologies
27
currently we are in
-adaptive revolution
28
how does social coercion theory predict history
- control of conflict of interest associated with transmission of cultural information with non-kin
- acquire vast amount of cultural information
- we are the pedagogical animal -> teaching and learning
- we are the economic animal -> we trade skills and good
- we can indirectly and directly exchange skills -> we dont know how to pick corn, build houses, make clothes
29
the scale of uniquely human hyper cultural cooperation matters
- more people -> more expertise -> more manufacturing -> short time for transmission of culture
- scale matters!
- less people -> slower transmission
- ex. tasmania- 50,000 yrs ago- advanced tools -> 8,000 years ago- flooded -> after the flood the technology went back to primitive technology (paleolithic) bc they were isolated and small -> couldnt transmit culture
- loss of cultural sophistication
- adaptive sophistication is limited by social scale
30
ice age
-every 50,000 years there are cyclical ice ages
31
50,000 years ago
- tools become more advanced
| - harpoon
32
what controls scale?
- coercive tools control scale
| - rapidly drives a adaptive revolution
33
internal social groups
- humane
| - cooperative
34
between social groups
- xenophobic
| - hostile
35
carnacioles
carnivore teeth
- austrolopiths make hypersharp tools for ripping meat -> flint and obsidian are good resources
- crushing stone- crush marrow
36
australapith
- brain is ape sized
- garhi fossil- little anatomical difference from australopith fossil -> both associated with fossil prey and manuports
- suggests that power scavenging adaptation might have been the first step towards human emergence
- leg lengthening
- 2.3 million years ago
- manuports (ammunition)
- associated with fossil prey processed with stone tools
- elite throwing
- power scavenging
- kin selected **
37
bacteria vs. non-humans and humans
- bacteria have genetic information
| - we differentiate bc we have cultural information too
38
evolution
- significant genetic adaption to initial increase in scale of social cooperation
- subsequent evolutions or NOT genetic they are social or cultural
- new coercive technologies drive revolutions
- increase scale of cooperation a million fold in just 10,000 years
- massive new social scale causes problems of adaptive novelty
- these processes of social change do NOT necessarily produce increase in dibidual human welfare
- we must humanely manage
39
rice, potatoes, corn
- responsible for 95% of calories
- remaining calories is wild food
- these foods depend on us to control weeds for us
- human domestication
- mutual
40
bow
- 14,000-1,000
- 12,000 BCE
- coercive weapon is the bow
- supplies food
- bow is easy to use but complex
- atlatl is easy to make difficult to use
- bow is lethal
- opportunity costs are very different
- immediately humans live in large permanent settlements for the first time with emergence of bow
- specialization growth -> arts, currency
- professionalized food production -> agriculture
- agricultural revolution occurs right where bows are invented
41
bow vs atlatl
- bow is easy to use but complex
- atlatl is easy to make difficult to use
- bow is lethal
- opportunity costs are very different
- opportunity cost of bow is low
- opportunity cost of atlatl is high
- atlatl you must practice a lot
- atlatl depends on mass of projectile and human strength -> bigger points -> behaviorally modern
- bow doesnt need to be heavy -> smaller -> neolithic
42
native american
- transition from atlatl to bow is associated with much lower opportunity cost
- social structure dramatically shifts
43
teosinte
- smaller
- ancestor of modern corn
- maize
- domesticated to corn
44
landfill
-garbage is dumped everyday
| -
45
neolithic dating
- containers -> technology evolved quickly
- different styles evolve
- arrowheads evolved -> bigger head for atlatl and smaller for bow
- C-14 dating- determines how old a plant or animal that eats plant is
- tree ring dating- dendrochronology -> dates wood
- trees grow based off warm and wet (fast),cold and dry (slow)
- bar code like -> dating to the year
46
why do humans remain local
- xenophobic
- trading
- crops is limited (depending on weather and soil)
- weapons spread everywhere
47
agricultural revolution: natufian culture
- first fertile area that has the bow
- fertile crescent
- excavation
- build a house -> breaks down -> tell -> self midden
- town is abandoned and forms giant hill
- no agriculture revolution yet
- bow is found
- several thousand years later -> argiculture comes about
- needed time for domesticaiton
- domesticated: wheat, barely, rye, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs
- different specialization and trading
48
china
- two different types of rice
- millet
- soybeans
- agricultural revolution only arises after the bow arrives
- about 3,000 years later
49
africa
- cattle
- yams
- sorgum
- bow doesnt come until about 3,000 years ago -> agricultural revolution
50
north america
- native american
- neolithic revolutions happen much later bc bow arrive is delayed over ocean
- maize, beans, squash -> mesoamerican triad
- these triads come before the bow and only explode until after the bow
- these crops used for horticulture (family gardening)
- only after the arrival of the bow do we see agricultural revolution! (400-600 CE)
51
north america: Mississippians
- extends throughout Mississippi
- a lot of trade
- atlatl policed
- hopewell existed in middle woodland dwellings
- beans, maize, squash
- not sedentary
- after the bow -> immediately sedentary communities, and then agriculture
- monumental architecture
- social event
- cahokia
- monks mound
- explode from bow
52
north america: chumash
- santa barbara channel (cali)
- neolithic revolution here wasnt agricultural
- powerful marine food chain was here
- sandy, rocky, beachy
- acorns
- professional fishers
- boats
- ceramics
- explode from bow
53
north america: calusa
- southern florida
- neolithic revolution is not agricultural
- algal bloom -> creates food pyramid
- estuarine environment
- marine food is rich
- hill built by food residue was found -> snail and mollusk shells
- sites were abandoned and people harvested and made fish oils with the arrival of bow
- mound key
54
neolithic (agricultural) revolution
- adaptive revolution
- scale
- sedentary settlements
- fishing or agriculture
- bow starts this -> greater range, much lower opportunity cost
- police cooperation
- produce food on a large scale
- 14k years ago
- domestication
55
north america: anasazi
- basket makers
- pit houses
- small and moved
- bow comes and they become sedentary
- agricultural revolution
- huge settlements
- chaco canyon
- pueblo bonito
- irrigation system
- pottery
- stones men
- astronomers -> seasons to farm
- measures solstice and equinox
- massive specialization
56
archaic state
- emerged from ancient evolved biology
- ethical humanity
- 5,000 years after agriculture
- body armor and shock weaponry**
- shock weapons- swords, spears
- elite control of coercive threat (non-democratic) -> only given to males
- body armor disables projectile weapons
- rapid revolution (from these armors) led to archaic state
- led to central city state (larger) with satellite settlements surrounding -> large economic unit
- elite males are in control and towns serve them
- women are not citizens
- bronze metallurgy (iraq- sumara, egypt) -> iron metallurgy (turkey)
- transfers Neolithic states into empires
- land expands but the wealth doesnt -> poverty
- public brutality
57
hierarchical coercive power
- body armor
- elite control of coercive threat -> only given to men
- this changes us (we are not democratic and equal anymore)
- people are working in their own self interest
58
democratically
distributed access to coercive threat
- elite throwing
- bow
- atlatl
- projectiles
- men, women, children are equally powerful
- bc we are self interest we all cooperate so we all dont get hurt -> this changes with body armor
- democracy requires cooperation and each person
59
hoplite
- armored warrior
- gives elite power over commoners
- elite warrior
- shock weapons + body armor
- body armor disables projectile weapons
60
body armor
- expensive to make -> limits who can have
- expensive opportunity cost too -> you must train to fight without weapons
- disables projectile weapons
- brings about elite control of coercive threats
- mostly only given to men
- no longer democratic
- archaic state
- pregnant and nursing females cant fight
61
archaic state: egypt
- rapid development from archaic state
- structures are hugely larger
- pyramids
62
bronze age
- scale armor- metal technology stitched together
- first armor
- shell armor is made after -> continuous
- bronze metallurgy (3500 BCE)
- birth of archaic states almost immediately after
- sumera, egypt
- hierarchal
63
mesopotamia
- first bronze armor ever
- Egypt picks up up after
- then mycenaeans
- minoan
64
iron age
- metal ore is discovered from pottery
- iron ore is in red soil
- labor intensive and requires specialization
- opportunity cost is high
- blast furnace- forced input of oxygen -> super heated -> fuel is charcoal
- its not cheaper but its more abundant than copper -> more available
- religion -> domesticated by male elites to gain submission
- larger and more powerful than bronze states -> hierarchal -> poverty
65
copper
-will melt
-flexible
-alloy it with zinc -> brass
-alloy is with tin -> bronze
-birth of bronze age
-
66
steel
-introduction of carbon into iron -> steel
67
athenian and spartan
- written literature
- descriptive art
- pericles- political figure
- political figures dress like elite males (armored) bc they are the ones voting
68
romans
- architecture- roads- trade, transport
- aqueducts
- symbolic expression- statues
- octavian- caesar augustus -> first roman emperor
- his statue shows him in armor and shock weapons
69
japanese state
- samurai states
- archaic states lag bc its far
- kusunoki masashige- war lord- armored
70
afroeurasian
- male dominated
- turn females into property
- bc men are putting themselves at risk -> they want money and reproduction
71
western hemisphere (new world)
- mesoamerica and south america (not north america)
- armor is based on cotton
- kevlar- tightly knit
- each layer of kevlar absorbs momentum -> bullet proof vest
- will injury you but wont penetrate your body
- made by back strap loans
- elite male warriors -> archaic states
- kwatzoykoyotl
- obsidian (volcanic glass)- makes lethal shock weapons
- domesticates cotton
- not in north america bc the temperature doesnt allow
72
mayan
- fell due to cycling-> jungle over took
- archaic states
- written language
- male dominated
- cotton armor
73
inca
- domesticated the potato
- archaic state
- statues
- male dominated
- shock weapons
- armor
- architecture- large ceremonial buildings
- quipu- color coated strings and knots -> number system
- record keeping system
- base 10- number system
- no written language
74
aztec
- teotihuacan
- massive architecture
- male elites
- cotton armor
- public brutality
- human sacrifice ritual- political intimidation
- display of skulls
75
systematic public brutality
- elites continuously intimidate commoners
- commoners dont report crimes or challenge elites
- aztecs and romans
- part of the political system
- romans- amphitheater games -> criminals put to death
- aztecs- pyramids/temple -> religious human sacrifice, displayed skulls
76
political liars
- how to identify political liars -> social coercion theory
| - cannot help but give themselves away
77
knowledge illusion, confirmation bias
-
78
primary ciliation's
- sustained by the available coercion technology
- pragmatic beliefs- how to drive, type, tie shoes
- social contract belief- ethical psychology, ethical rules
- identifier belief- evolves in an ancient xenophobic, exploited by politicals
79
pragmatic belief
-we unconsciously believe we know things but we are really cooperating
80
professional liars
- motivated reasoning
- we behave as if we have a high source bias- we believe things that are in our own coalition and disbelieve things from a xenophobe
- arguments between two groups are pointless
81
conformation bias
if we receive information from a "reliable" source we select evidence that support it and disregard information that disproves
82
identifier beliefs
-things we react to that identify another person as a person of another group
83
traditional belief
- biased towards information that our ancestors had used
| - contemporary liars convince us that they are telling you ancient knowledge
84
new coercive technologies
- drive new social scales
- social STRUCTURE determined by distribution of coercive power (male with armor)
- different distributions of coercive power engage our social psychologies differently
85
scale
- 100
- 1,000
- neolithic- 10,000
- archiac states- 100,000-fold
- contemporary- 10 million-fold
- scale is not the problem its the hierarchal control of threat
86
moral outrafe
- conjoint group that ostracize free riders
- police
- genetically evolved ethical device
- programmed by culturally transmitted information (beliefs)
- serve majority consensual interests - source of right and wrong
87
guilt
- respond to policing
- makes us not want to do bad
- genetically evolved ethical device
- programmed by culturally transmitted information (beliefs)
- serve majority consensual interests- source of right and wrong
88
conformity
- genetically evolved ethical device
- programmed by culturally transmitted information (beliefs)
- serve majority consensual interests- source of right and wrong
- sign of submission
89
hierarchical
- source of all things good- coercive power is what enables mutually cooperative things that we do -> benefits
- we are seduced by power as the source of all things good
- internal to our primary coalition
- those is power are right-
- profound xenophobia
90
coercive technology
- bow cannot control conflict between coalitions
| - it only works within coalitions
91
elite warriors take over society
- groups that create the elite warriors have no power over them -> they will not be loyal to the primary coalition
- all the elite warrior from each coalition come together and take over all the other groups
92
elite control of public
- elites control cultural exchange- control of commoner information exchange
- commoners are illiterate
- flood system with their own information (propaganda)
- manipulate
- stimulate our xenophobia to manipulate us
93
authoritarian systems
- classism, racism, misogyny, ethnocentrism, religious intolerance
- you know that they are not democratic
- fool the democratic majority
- suppress the press
- increase state level military
- make fun of xenophobic groups
94
modern democracies are under threat to aspiring oligarchs
- preserve the democracy where it exists
| - America is constantly under hierarchal threat
95
social traps
- female widow birds selected for males with longer and longer feather -> males died
- if females chose the lesser males -> children would die -> trapped
- infanticidal lion
- democratized human animals- we believe in justice, equality, giving back -> selected for in democratized human
- you must give back to gain to be selected for -> this is humanity but its also a trap
96
history
- written by the winner
- question everything
- dont judge what other people chose to do during hard times
97
best alternative option
- in the moment base on who held descisive coercive threat and the social structure they were embedded in
- problem with being ostracized
- align your behavior to power
- all you want to do is survive
- power made right
98
democratized weapons
- rocks- rocks are everywhere
- bows- anyone is strong enough
- atlotl- thrown better by women or skinny men
- no one have coercive power
- fair democracy
99
democratized weapons
- rocks- rocks are everywhere
- bows- anyone is strong enough
- atlotl- thrown better by women or skinny men
- no one have coercive power
- fair democracy
100
self-justification
- i do more than you
- im smarter than you
- im stronger than you
- guilts the commoner to obey
- person will be morally outraged if they dont obey
- people in power are self-serving -> dominance hierarchy
- social trap!
- you must selfish to succeed
101
dominance hierarchy
- you are competing to people next to you
- constantly pulling each other down
- police each other
- guilt people below you
- the most power = most knowledge
- inhumane/brutal
- allocation of food, land, females, non-elite males
102
egyptains and sparta: dominance hierarchy
- serve the people above them
- compete with people next to them
- blame people below them
103
production hierarchies
- coordinate production
- production hierachries
- coordinate specialization and division of labor
- specific specializations to produce something
- medical team
- majority benefit
- humane
104
cybernetic hierarchy
- neolithic
- men and female castles
- elect and advise people to take charge
- can impeach
- democratized hierarchy
- production hierarchy
105
non-elite males
- frontline military -> no armor and in the front
- disenfranchised- peasant labor
- must avoid public intimidation
- compete for favortism
106
knowledge
-you cant question elites
| -
107
grouthink
- group values harmony and conformity over accurate analysis and critical evaluation
- unquestioningly follow the word of leader
- strongly discourages any disagreement
108
co-opt mating system
- elite males co-opt mating system
- promiscuity bc it serves their interest
- polygamies
- greeks, romans, ch'in, islamic states
- set the cultural standard
- concubines, multiples wives, karems
- same effect beliefs
109
elite males and females: social trap
- reproductive benefit of choice of multiple females BUT had to maintain resource and power
- females- denied the benefits of democratically chosen monogamy or promiscuity BUT has to compete for favoritism
- social traps
110
females
- put up polygamy
- avoid public intimidation
- compete for favoritism
- 3 choices:
- can become an aspiring elite
- favored by the elite
- or wife of one
111
female genital mutilation
- mothers and aunts do it to them for their best interest
- restrain sexual pleasure and desire
- beliefs are not casual
- belief fall in line with who hold power
- once all the females have genital cutting
- only mutilated females are selected
- practice continues with no benefit
- benefit is no there anymore when everyone has it
- natural selection is mindless
112
social structure
determined by distribution of coercive power
113
revolutions
- behaviorally modern revolution- atlatl
- agricultural revolution- bow
- archaic state- body armor
- early modern state- first step- gunpower artillery and second step- democratization of modern state via gunpowder handguns (massive)
114
early modern state
- first part of revolution
- gunpowder and artilleries
- get rid of fortifications from the elites that opted out of the cycling archaic state -> reassembles the archaic states
- elites are still dominating
- advanced roads
- modern democratized state transportation- cargo ships, trains, trucks, planes
- stable
115
cycling in the archaic state
- policed by elite armored warriors
- fragmented
- elite groups opt out and build fortified forts
- archaic state shatters and never reassembles
116
cycling in the archaic state
- policed by elite armored warriors
- no policing within the elite armored warrior
- enslave local population
- conquest frontier increase as 2(pi)r (circumference)
- occupied territory increases (pi)r^2 (area)
- area is growing exponentially frontier is increasing linearly
- per capita wealth returns from the frontier drops precipitously
- wealth is cycling
- populations increase there is no agricultural or economic progress though -> income inequality
- government has issues management local elites -> they dont want to pay taxes
- state cant afford to expand frontier conquests
- as empire grows in size and population it hits a point and collapses
117
changes in local logic for archaic state elites as states grows
- less conquest wealth per capita coming back from the frontier
- fewer people capita conquest opportunities of ambitious young elite members
- lower return per unit policed within the existing state due to deteriorating per capita productivity and ever growing elite wealth extraction
- returns on elite-elite coercion become too low to sustain state
118
mayan collaspe
- violence destroyed the maya
- civil war
- local fortifications
- mayan cycling
119
roman collapse
- cycling
- conquest
- hierarchical ruled Neolithic societies
- no fortifications
- economic system deteriorated
- locals were opting out -> dont want to pay taxes
- little city state develop -> empire fragments
120
fortification
- difficult to attack
- costs of coercive attack is large
- gun powder changes this -> takes them down
- reassemble the archaic states -> stable
121
gun powder
- kerosene lamp
- oil is heated and combusts with oxygen in the air
- oxidizing chemical replaces the atmospheric oxygen with gun powder
- fuel -charcoal
- oxidizing agent- potassium nitrate (microbial fermentation)
- catalyst- sulfur (mined)
- black powder
- drive revolution of early modern states
122
western european colonialism
- rise of modern state first in west
- west all speak english
- historical accident
- produced by the local arrival of gun powder
123
japan: gun powder
- portuguese bring gun powder
- make artillery
- cannons
- sparks civil war -> unified
- cycles
- early modern state- tokugawa shogunate
124
matchlock (arquebus)
-difficult to use and dangerous
125
wheelock
- effective, but complex and expensive
| - elite weapon
126
flintlock
- effective, simple and inexpensive
- handgun
- democratization of the modern state revolution
- commoner militias swept up elite warriors -> modern democratized state
- accessible
- democratized
127
lying
- control of information
| - hostile manipulation and suppression of commoner information exchange- suppress information
128
democratized
-encourage social doubt and challenge motivated reasoning -> knowledge
129
hierarchical
- suppresses social doubt (no questioning) and encourage motivated reasoning -> ignorance
- no questioning bc the elite lie
130
mathlusian block
- as population increases agriculture needs to
- there is no money or resources (knowledge) to make it better
- after 1710 money and resources are available bc of the democratization of the state by flintlock
- knowledge, money, agriculture, resources explode
- second agricultural revolution
- you only win at someone else loss
- hierarchal case
131
democratization of the modern state
- gunpowder handgun
- modern music
- modern literature
- modern technology
- second agricultural revolution
- bc of flintlock
- money
- agriculture
- coercive threat
- american revolution, french revolution, glorious revolution, meiji restoration (later bc hand gun comes later)
- re-democratize access to coercive threat
- same adaptive power on a much larger scale bc it allows specialization (cooperation)
- massive adaptive sophistication expansion
- 50x richer
- explosion
- life expectancy explodes -> sanitary, nutrition,
132
south korea and north korea
- extremely different GPD
| - north korea is not democratized
133
meiji restoration
- civil war
- arrival of gunpowder handguns
- modern revolution
134
body armor
- complex cycling behavior
- elite warriors control large commoner populations
- expand as largely as they can BUT limited by the elites to control their own conflicts of interest
- this state will grow as long as it is wealthy so that it minimizes elite conflict of interest
- as it expands economic distress is inevitably and collapses
- economic stresses inevitable in a growing maturing kleptocratic archaic state eventually create severe and unmanageable elite conflicts of interest
- invention of gun powder -> states are stabilized
135
bubble incubator
- protected from elite european power
- no control tho
- democratized colonies
- we still got resources and traded them out
- accidental
- by the time of american revolution -> we were better fed and wealthy -> british tax us
- we were better fed (taller and healthier) -> we won
136
civil war: US
- south was great soil -> cotton, Tabaco
- south- confederacy -> wealth hierarchy
- north union -> mercantile democratized economy
- white militias control African American slaves
- once we gain the land to the west of the mississippi river -> we have to decide if north or south controls
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gettysburg address
- government of the people, by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth
- democracy
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re-emergence
-of the democratic state
139
interest groups
- we keep people in separate interest groups
- xenophobia
- they dont want us to form combined coalitions to revolt
- sexual inequality? -> only elite males were dominants
- non-elite males were not dominant either
140
female anatomy
- we have evolution/designed to throw
- men have evolved to be in competitive with each other -> more muscles
- female have more fat for babies
- its not muscle that matter its the amount of throwers
- conjoint threat not just one elite person
- non-elite men, women, and children can use bows
- interest of all in the cooperative group contributing to decisive coercive threat would have been served -> democratized access
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partial re-democratization of social units
- only partial
- flint lock
- flint lock was only given to men
142
entrenched power
- difficult to overturn once stable
- 1. control over decisive coercive threat is not majority held
2. proximate psychology of hierarchy: divide and conquer by triggering xenophobia
- once the hierarchy is taken down the people who were next in line just take all that power
143
french revolution
- starvation
- poverty
- biproduct mutualism among all the starving people
- economy is so bad everyone is poverty -> overthrow
- women are armed with spears, sticks (not flint lock)
- it was the numbers of people that mattered not the weapon
- you would think that women would be apart of political structure after they fought -> but they still couldnt vote
- the people next in line to power just took over -> democracy of the arms
144
education
- doesnt give you power
| - power gives you education
145
where was there no entrenched power
- united states
- mix of accidents
- french, colonists, native americans
- protected from the entrenched power
- accidental incubator of radical democracy (in north)
146
westward expansion
- women and children have guns
- flint lock
- protection
147
iroquois confederaton
- heavily democratized
- six nations
- great law of peace -> democracy based on the consent of the governed
- leader not masters
- impeachment
- leaders- servants of the people
- political participation by women
- checks and balance
- no state religion
- council chiefs nominated by women and removed by women (maternity certainty)
- American constitution took from this
148
progression of gun
- gets more and more advanced
- less opportunity cost
- more accessible
- less entrenched power
- women could get it
- annie oakley -> women can shoot and better than men
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pan-global revolution
-aircraft and missles
-coercion of other nations
-global coalition
-this revolution is happening at the same time as democratization of modern state
-supported by social coercion theory
-sparked by aircraft
-all weapons that have planetary range
-
150
imperial japan and nazi germany
- japanese conquered much of asia
- nazi is conquering europe
- japan attacks america -> we develop aircraft
- america flood japanese and nazi out in the air
- fire bomb campaigns -> carpet bomb
- cruise missiles- specific targetting -> civilians are less at risk and leadership is more at risk
151
WW2
- global
- engulfed everyone
- even elites
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nuclear weapons in panglobal social coercion
- extreme coercive threat
- atomic bombs- based on fission of large nuclei
- these were used in WW2 -> on japan
- energy from decomposition of large uranium or plutonium nuclei
- hydrogen bombs- fusion or energy from fusion of hydrogen nuclei (suns energy source) -> much larger
- global coercion- permanent
153
social structure
determined by distribution of coercive power
| -who hold coercive power
154
elite manipulation
-of information exchange
155
democratization of all modern states
- future revolution
- will be the most massive revolution (democratization of modern state is massive)
- driven by pan-global coalition
- another outcome is that we fail to democratized -> de-democratization of modern state -> poverty
156
contemporary states
- authoritarianism- controlled by elites
- elite monopoly
- or democracy
157
global hierarchal states
- global coercion will enforce collusive cooperation of elites between state often in opposition to the interest of domestic majorities
- authoritarian state are warlike- elites can reap benefits of aggression while foisting its costs on to commoners
- democratizing authoritarian state eliminates need for vast military investments by democracies -> further increase in human welfare
158
global democracy states
- global coercion will enforce cooperation serving the interest of domestic majorities
- knowledge and wealth
159
mixed cases
- this is right now
| - mix of hierarchal states and democratized
160
contemporary democratized united states
- we were the force that was responsible for defeating global imperialism
- isolated bubble- incubator for initial state level democratization
- democratization is bad but its the best
161
collusion
-working with each other often not publicly (secret)
162
police
- capable of serious misconduct
- in democracies police act on our behalf
- we can police the police
- requires democratized threat and free commoner information exchange
163
second civil war
- european take over confederacy
- jim crow
- african american cant vote
- apartide
- share cropping
164
african americans
- they could fight in the war -> gave coercive power
- martin luther king - information was spread
- public display of peaceful and implicit coercive threat
- led to voting rights act and civil rights act
- racism affects us all -> takes power away -> xenophobia -> divide and conquer
165
modern authoritarian state
-weapons are able to be controlled by the state
-totalitarian state
-produce extreme asymmetry to access to coercive power
-extreme- no one is armed
-vastly expanded police and domestic military
-public intimidation
-divide and conquer- xenophobia (racism)
-commoner information exchange is weaponized and suppressed
-
166
afghan parliament
- fundamentalist islamic party
- small elites can claim to be fundamentally superior
- hierarchs needs to project coercive threat
- need to turn women into property
- radical subgroups
- mind is broken by hierarchal society
167
exchange information
-freely so we agree on policies
168
tiananmen square protests
- people in china dont even know about this
| - chinese genocide from the government
169
massive concentration of wealth
- rewriting tax and investment laws
- tax cuts
- enrich the oligarchs
- billion bubble babies
- invest in racist things bc they want to control
170
proximate psychology
- mind is a proximate device
| - mind is designed to navigate the human social world (not understand) -> democratic and hierarchal
171
protests
- paid agitators
- manipulation
- once paid agitators come into play the peaceful protest becomes violent
- people then fear them
- divide and conquer
172
alcohol consumption of college students
- misperception of number
- misperception of how many people drink and how much
- many students misperceived where the power was
- showing these numbers worked (nothing else does)
- manipulated
- thought a lot of people drank to be cool
173
grass roots
- popular movements from the ground up
- represent the majority of the population
- astro turf- fake grass root movement
174
hierarchical attacks on climate change
- fossil fuels corporations, global corporations, elites that have money invested -> they lose if climate change is supported
- fill it with misinformation
- divide and conquer
- who is funding the research?
175
humanity becomes an adaptive opportunity
- because we all insist on it from each other
- caretakers are well paid
- everyone can be educated
176
control of access to credible threat
-not political party, not race, not religion
177
cooperative coalitions
- can solve climate change
| - we are too fearful
178
why are we so confident
- it is so simply
- predicts the details of our historical record
- evolved kinship independent social cooperation and expanded this scale vastly
179
elite coercive monopoly
- poverty
| - democratic distribution of coercive technology -> prosperity
180
adaptive revolution
- depends on our genetic redesign
- comes from our cooperation mainly*
- social events -> they are explosive so we know it cant be genetic
181
behaviorally modern revolution
- comes form novel weapon
- tools and art
- invading new regions
- larger scales of cooperation
- atlatl- africa -> initiates revolution
- behaviorally modern humans travel -> displace Neanderthals -> not a species displacement we still carry their genes
- 50k years ago
182
social psychology
- confirmation bias- once we believe something to be true (from our group that we trust) be selectively look at evidence that supports it
- source bias- when we hear something from someone within our group we accept vice versa
- we assume outgroup people are using hostile manipulation
- we should falsify (but we dont)
- xenophobia
- psychological mechanisms
- exploited by elites in the contemporary environment
183
cognitive (ethical) mechanisms
- higher purpose
- conformity
- moral outrage
- guilt
- beliefs serve majoirty consensual interest
- highly adaptive
- genetically programmed to have ethical beliefs but what we use is programmed by the society/culture
- elite society- doesnt pursue our interest -> we are influenced to conform
- social beliefs are negotiate based on social threat
- serve elite consensual interest -> submission
- elites use xenophobia to divide and conquer
- can have ethical mechanisms without genotype
- but genotype is programed by culture
184
democratization of modern state
- global access to coercive threat
| - flintlock
185
12,000 years ago
Humans lived almost exclusively on wild foods (hunted and gathered) until just ~12,000 years ago, when many different plants were domesticated rapidly at many different locations around the world.
186
religon
- christianity
- judaism
- islam
- hinduism
187
motivated reasoning
- used in hierarchy
- make decisions or pass judgment on biased information
- doesnt reflect the evidence
188
american property law
-American property law was primarily developed by ongoing political negotiation among the democratized citizens of the state throughout the 19th Century
189
women voting
-The 19th Amendment did not pass until the early 20th Century; this timing is consistent with the prediction that voting by women reflected the recovery of ancestral democratization driven by recovery of democratized access to coercive threat.
190
thermonuclear
exploit fusion of small nuclear, yielding energies in the megaton range, and were deployed only for threat never in military action
191
elite hunting
-evolution of elite hunting involved the evolution of a novel elite killing
skill
