BIO 358 2 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
natural selection
A
-amoral not immoral
2
Q
genetic relatedness is NOT the same thing as genetic similarity or identity
A
- probability of a gene being identical bc relatedness
- genetic relatedness is measured by looking at genetic sequencing
3
Q
hamiltons law
A
-C<br></br>
4
Q
indiscriminate cooperation
A
- dont care who you cooperate with
- rapidly eliminates mutations
- generates more wealth and cooperation
5
Q
kin-specific cooperation
A
- mutations rapidly takes over population
- not better off
6
Q
thought experiment
A
- create a population that is genetically uniform and engineer them so that they cooperate indiscriminately
- over time it will start accumulating genetic variation
- will produce kin specific cooperation
- kin specific cooperation does better and takes over the population
- generation X- perfectly genetically uniform (they have a kin specific cooperation mutation)
7
Q
r
A
- sibling- 50%
- first cousin- 12.5%
- second cousin- 3.125%
- drives social cooperation
8
Q
gene
A
unit of interest
9
Q
kin-specific cooperation infanticide study
A
- white footed mouse; field volvs?
- animal will have four children but maybe only 2 will survive
- to minimize competitive and increase chances of their babies survival they kill non-kin
- infanticide of non-kin
- killers dont kill in their immediate area
- male and female killers
10
Q
human breeding behavior are kin-selected
A
-
11
Q
breast feeding
A
- males are different then females bc he cannot be sure that the child is his (she could have mated with someone else)
- this is why males dont breast feed
- babies are closer to the mom
- similar in humans and non-kin
12
Q
if the parents die older relatives take over
A
- similar in humans and non-kin
- older relatives on the mothers side
13
Q
kin-selected cooperative behavior
A
-humans retained
14
Q
kin-selective competitive behavior
A
- humans suppress
- humans have ethical sense
- mental part of this is proximal cause
- the ultimate cause is coercive
- we suppress this but it still exists; just at much smaller rates than non-kin
15
Q
public lives
A
-revolutionized
16
Q
byproduct mutualism
A
-during sex there is a brief moment of the absence of conflict of interest for non-human and humans
17
Q
incest
A
- produce offspring more related than each of them
- inbreeding causes mutation
- inbreeding depression
- strong selection to outbreeding
18
Q
non-kin sexual behavior
A
-during sex there is a brief moment of the absence of conflict of interest
19
Q
homicide
A
a powerful source of evidence to test theories of human social behavior
- humans dont tell us about private bad information
- nonhuman are 100 fold more likely to kill compared to humans
20
Q
step-fathers
A
- may more likely to kill children than natural parent
- about 70 fold more likely
- more than 1000 fold less likely to do compared to nonanimals though
21
Q
reproductive value
A
- what an individual is worth to its design information
- children were less of value (likely to die of starvation)
- peak at 20ish
- newborn is half as valuable as a teenager to its parent
- newborns are more likely to be killed
- if your 40 and have a child you are less likely to kill than a 20 year old due to old age
22
Q
maternal infanticide strategy vs no maternal infanticide strategy in animals
A
- low resources
- extreme threat
- in these conditions the maternal infanticidal mom will be at an advantage
- in stressful environments moms kill babies
- the babies die and mother lives rather then them all dying
23
Q
maternal infanticide strategy vs no maternal infanticide strategy in humans
A
- in a stressful environment (no money, partner
- humans will do this too but rates are much less
- proximal cause- her depression
- ultimate cause- stressful environment
24
Q
scientific requirements
A
- within rules of how natural selection works in the moment
- do not reverse cause and effect (no long term strategy)
- must emerge from a kin selected strategy (reductionism)
- could not emerge in order to manage conflict of interest (not reverse)
25
selective pressure
- humans put selective pressure on each other
| - self domestication allowed by unprecedented access
26
exceptions to non-human non-kin cooperation
- rare past adaptive misfire in the present (not selected for variation) -> rare
- by-product mutualism
- nonkin cooperation on a very small scale -> must have social coercion on a very small scale
27
non-kin cooperation on a very small scale (non-human)
-is able to happen if there is social coercion on a very small scale
28
human social coercion: how is it different
- with us every second of the day
- vast
- large scale
29
leaf-cutter ant
-small scale cooperation and coercion
30
kin selection
- helping reproduction of close relatives
- social breeding
- bee-eater birds
- wolves
31
hymenopteran
- haploid -> male (one day a year)
| - diploid -> female
32
bees/ants
- sisters kill each others children
- worker policing -> do not reproduce a lot
- self domestication
- default to another strategy bc laying eggs is not successful (sisters will kill)
- cut off the siblings from raising their children so they could raise their own
- then they would raise each others once born
33
self herding: group selection fallacy
- herd of prey will run away and jump to prove their health
- they do this to make the other in the pack look weaker
- non-human groups do not cooperate for the greater benefit of the group -> social cheaters are more fit
34
self domestication
-when social environment puts strong selective pressure on genetics
35
free riders
- social cheater
- most fit
- these will blow up in a society bc it is the most fit strategy
- this is why group cooperation doesnt evolve
36
ants and aphids
- few conflicts of interest
- ants have infinite coercive power over aphids -> domestication
- ants limit conflict of interest between the aphids
37
social revolution
- practical control of non-kin conflict of interest
| - inexpensive coercion of and by adults
38
expensive suppression of conflict of interest
- proximal vs remote killing
- proximal killing is very expensive -> violence and injury
- monkeys -> avoid infanticide but at a cost
39
ostracizing cooperators
- ostracize free riders- make it costly to resist ostracize
- benefit > Ccoop + Ccoerc
- group cooperates and free rider steals some of the benefit at cost of resisting ostracism
40
remote killers
-from a distance
-throwing and guns
-easy to ostracize free riders
-10x more threat for the free rider than in proximal killing
-10x less risk for ostracizing cooperators
-leads to self domestication
b - Ccoop > Ccoerc
41
Lanchesters square law
- 10x short time of conflict
- 10x reduced risk per unit time for ostracizing cooperators with remote killing
- 10 x 10 = 100 fold less cost
42
proximal killing
b - Ccoop < Ccoerc
- costly for both groups
- high chance on injury
43
law on non kin
benefit > Ccoop + Ccoerc
44
synchronized conjoint throwing
- strength in numbers
- you cant dodge
- revolutionized remote killing
- democratic origins*
- kin selective group started this -> led to kin selective independent cooperation
45
fossil record 1
- use to test theory
- falsification
- emperical evidence
46
radically democratic
- humans
| - not dominated by anyone
47
falsification
-develops confidence in scientific theories
48
competitive parsimony
- front of the tee shirt rule
- theory that is simple but predicts a lot -> more likely to be true
- everything that it predicts is a possibility to test and falsify
- fecundity
- fruitfulness
- ex. social coercion theory is very fecund
- definition of being educated -> doubt everything -> whatever stays true is true
49
emergence of humans
- came from inexpensive coercion-> suppression of on-kin conflict of interest
- results in increased brain and skull size, communication, sexual and parental behavior, architecture
50
evolutionary history
- written history is very recent (5,000 yrs ago)
- evolutionary history is ancient (6,000,000 yrs ago)
- b-Ccoop > Ccoerc
- humane collaboration
- law enforcement holds up economic systems
51
uniquness
- only animal to have kinship independent cooperation
- cross cultural
- elite throwing
52
fossil formation
- when behavior evolves -> muscles are evolve- > bones evolve
- bones tell us about muscles and behavior
- accurate
- form under slowly moving water -> layers form overtime -> sedimentary rock
53
endocast
- vasculature is visible
- skull forms around brain and shows details
- characteristic fossils
- precise and accurate
- fossils can give detail
54
tetonic
- drained the sea
- rocks emerge
- sedimentary rock
- great plains
- can produce stratigraphic layers
55
relative stratigraphy
- date based on placement in strata
- closer to top -> younger
- bottom -> older
- relative age
56
absolute stratigraphy
- chemical nature of atom is determined by protons
- isotopes (diff # of neutrons)
- stability is influenced by number of neutrons
- radioactive decay
- positron emission- light, positive
- proton turns into neutron
- volcanic tuffs can be dated by potassium argon dating
57
positron emission: potassium argon dating
- absolute age
- potassium converts to argon (nobel gas)
- atomic mas of 40
- positron emission decay of K40 becomes Ar40
- argon will be released into atmosphere
- radioactive K forms Ar overtime
- ratio of K to Ar will tell you the date
58
tuff
- date the tuffs
| - and in between these tuffs you know it must be between those two time periods
59
savanna
- positive feedback loops
- herbivores eat
- graze and eliminate grass competitors
- a lot of sun
60
power scavenging
- elite throwing changed this
| - scare animals off
61
continental drift
- continents are drifting apart
- causes subduction- lands slide onto each other
- tectonic
- produced African climate change
62
5-6 mil yrs ago
- currents dry out the savanna that is now saharra desert
- this is also when humans emerged
- australopithecus emerge
63
2 mil yrs ago
-homo emerge
64
comparing chimp and human skull
-4 fold bigger skull for humans
65
australopithecus vs human
-australopithecus is much smaller - > similar to chimp
66
homo heidebergensis and human brains
- common ancestor of us and Neanderthals
| - same size as our brain (diff shape)
67
change in brain size
- dramatic
- increase in social cooperation
- requires a village to raise a baby -> culture
- increase size brain stores cultural information
- elite human throwing should happen right when change in brain size emerged
- large brains emerged 2 mil yrs ago (homo)
68
wrong hypothesis
- we are unique from bipedal locomotion -> frees hands
- monkeys in the savanna start walking on two feet to carry valuable food
- Lucy skeleton shows that bipedalism evolved before humans -> not unique to us
69
pelvis
-different biomechanics of bipedal and quadrupedal
-different in monkey and humans
-
70
3.5-3.8 mil years ago: Lucy
- lucy
- fossil shows bipedal locomotion before humans emerged
- shows that this is not what makes humans unique
- footprints were proof too
- not an elite thrower
71
elite throwing, follow by rapid consolidation of cooperation, followed by rapid adaptation to that new cooperation (including brain expansion)
- predication
| - elite throwing emerges 2 mil yrs ago when brain size increased
72
catching fish
- fires water bullets at bugs above water
- projectile
- can project at non-kin
- cant project at conspecifics
- eyes and CNS are evolved
73
elite throwing
- plant foot forward
- throwing hand lags behind
- twerking of the body is so fast -> causes the arm to lag
- involves the whole body
- says a lot about our skeleton anatomy
74
human hands and feet
- tight grip
- hand is moving 100mph
- delicate for aim
- robust thumb -> has rough patch were muscle attached
- bottom of fingers are arched so that the wrist can articulate -> allows grip
- bigger big toe
- more asymmetric foot
- big and deep ball of foot
75
chimp hand
-knuckle walker
-short thumbs
-
76
australopith
- first metacarpal (thumb)
- less robust-> doesnt have the rough patch humans have where muscle attach (dorsal interosseous muscle)
- ends of bones that wrists articulate with are not arched like humans
- smaller big toe
- shallow ball of foot
77
dorsal interosseous muscle
- allows for tight grip for humans
- hardens when grips
- australopith doesnt have this are the rough patch on the thumb where this muscle would attach
78
apical tuft
- at the tip of a human finger
- not in chimp or australopith
- allows to control release of items we are gripping
- allows for precise aim
- immobilizes items were holding while gripping
- heavily innervated
- projections out the side
- evolved 1.8 mil yrs ago (almost exactly when humans evolved)
79
foot
- big toe and ball of foot -> throwing push off phase
- first metatarsal- ball of foot
- shallow ball of foot for australopith and deep for humans
- peroneus longus- attached to first metatarsal -> controls torque of the foot (humans)
- designed to throw
- evolved near when humans emerged (1.5 mil)
80
peroneus longus
- muscle that attches to first metatarsals in humans
| - stabilizes the torque of foot
81
torso
- gluteus maximus- humans
- gluteus maximus attaches to bottom of pelvis
- wraps around the body to control torque
- chimps and autralopith dont have
- rapidly stops the torque of the body when throwing
- Y-shaped tendon- attached to tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus
- tensor fascia lata- muscle attached to the tendon thats being yanked by the gluteus maximus -> controls
82
tensor fascia lata
- muscle attached to the tendon thats being yanked by the gluteus maximus -> controls
- attaches to pelvis
83
obliques
- angling around the body
- attach to rib cage and pubic arch
- sternum to pubic arch
- external obliques-
- internal obliques-
84
latissimus dorsi
- base of the arm to the spinal column and the back of the pelvis
- wraps around
85
pelvis
- shaped different
- pubic arch is much further forward in humans
- human pelvis creates leverage for muscle attachment and throwing
- muscles that attach to the back is further back than australopithecus
86
nariokotome
- homo erecuts (1.6mil yrs ago)
- significantly expanded brain
- elite thrower
- muscle that attach to the back is further back
- pelvis is evolved for unique human throwing
87
shoulder
- ball and socket
- pectoralis major- attached to upper arm -> strength for throwing
- ligaments- elastic -> allow for extreme distortion of arm lag
- angle of socket joint is horizontal for humans -> chimps and australopiths have an upper arm projection angle
- redesigned to throw for humans
88
homo naledi
- social burial-> found in a small cave only small people could get into
- hands and feet- perfectly modern human -> must be starting to throw
- brain- chimp size
- shoulders and pelvis- like chimp/authralopith
- 300k yrs old
- decsedent
- naledi was a competitive species for humans and were pushed into the rainforest -> retained australopith features to climb trees
- social burial- shows they behavior different -> language
- predicts we dont have a common ancestor
89
Dmanisi (first hominid out of africa)
-first member to leave africa
90
Dmanisi (first hominid out of africa)
- first member to leave africa
- just begin to throw
- brains just begin to expand
- 1.8 mil yrs ago
- they have apical tuft
- enlarged first metatarsal
- power scangers
- fossils are found with many stones
- brain size overlap with australopiths and start to overlap with homo brain
- human like social behavior (care for elders)
91
the human village and life history evolution
- village- non kin communication
- life history- developmental biology
- village structure drives and allows brain expansion
92
emergence of humans -> kinship independent social breeders
- kinship independent social breeders
- help children that are not theirs
- takes a village to raise a child
93
matrilocal
- males migrates -> prevents inbreeding
| - females stay
94
patrilocal
- males stay
- females leave
- bonobos
95
multiple kinship independent groups
- multiple kinship independent groups associate -> village
- male centered kinship groups
- female centered kinships groups
- combo of male and female centered kinship group
- mutually cooperate
- controls conflict of interest
- selective environment that drives and allows massive life history redesign -> produces brain expansion
96
why do humans have bigger brains
- we are NOT genetically smart
- does NOT result from individual experience
- culturally transmitted information -> nonkin and close kin for humans; only close kin for non-animals
97
culturally transmitted information
- lying and misinformation for nonkin cultural information spread -> hostile manipulation problem -> conflict of interest
- cheetah will capture prey as a lesson for her cubs
- individual self-interested adaptation to this enhanced access to culturally transmitted information
98
1x brain size (chimp) 300g vs
3. 5x
- humans
- 1200g
99
human brain
- 2% of body mass -> 20% of calories burned
- for children it burns 50% calories
- costly-
100
precocial
- develop rapidly
- born able to get up and run in minutes
- sexual maturity at 1
- behavioral sophistication is limited
- depend on individual experience
- usually prey -> need to run
101
altricial
- born highly dependent
- brain grows slowly
- weeks-months before they can move
- investing in their kids to have higher behavioral sophistication
- adults are fierce or hide kids well -> protects their vulnerable children
- learn from culturally transmitted information
102
hyper-atricial
- humans
- bc of our unique ecological dominance
- attack collectively (group)
- bc we are able to protect so well we can be hyperatricial
103
village
- cultural transmission of information
- protection
- provide high quality food
- directly affected expansion of brain size
104
human vs chimp at 5 weeks
- babyhood- born as fetus, need time to develop
- chimps have infancy phase
- at 5 weeks the babies head can even hold up head -> chimps are already walking
- chimps are altricial although
105
humans at 3 vs chimps at 4
- weaning
- chimps begin juvenile stage
- chimps brain stops growing at 4
- we are still in infancy/childhood
- humans need high quality food and protection
106
affect of social environment for selection
- mom giving birth is extremely vulnerable and new born
- mothers giving birth fast -> selected for
- precocial babies -> selected for
- social environment drives precocial and atricial tendnecies
107
body and brain weight
-very high for humans
108
expanded gestation
- babies grow there brains and bodys a lot in this last month of pregnancy
- makes mom extremely vulnerable
- 9 months
- noncompetitive
109
the human village has to emerge first before you have an increase in brain size
- based on time of vulnerability and access to best resources requirements for mother and child
- impossible for child to be hyperactricial and mother to be so vulnerable to survive without village
- moms takes a long time to give birth
110
vulnerable mother
- long process
- as our children grow it takes many resources to give back to the human village
- provides an opportunity to be extremely sophisticated
- must have a village
111
elite throwing -> village -> brain expansion
-must manage conflict of interest to create the nonkin village
