bio Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
tattoo goes in which layer of skin
A
dermis
2
Q
Dinos appeared in which period
A
triassic period
3
Q
what proteins to cytokinesis
A
actin and myosin
4
Q
cri du chat is an example of what
A
partial monosomy
5
Q
penicillin inhibits
A
cell walls of bacteria
6
Q
Microarray technology
A
allows a researcher to examine many genes and determine which are expressed in a particular
cell type. slide containing thousands of genes are placed in spots
7
Q
somatic cell transfer
A
stem cell research where u take cell of body and create an ovum?
8
Q
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP
A
a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells
9
Q
ouabain
A
poison that messes with Na and K pump
10
Q
valve at junction of small and large intestine
A
ileocecal valve
11
Q
colchine
A
Colchicine is an alkaloid that inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. Microtubules and associated
proteins c01nprise the mitotic spindle. Mitosis would stop if Colchicine is present.
12
Q
radioactive iodine test
A
concentrates in thyroid
13
Q
what happens with vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to kidney
A
decreased rate of filtration
* same affect with blood flow dec,
14
Q
what happens with vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to kidney
A
increased rate of filtration
15
Q
__ innervations affect the afferent arterioles and decreases the volume of urine flow
A
sympathetic
16
Q
know your types of hormones and examples
A
plz
17
Q
connective tissue comes from which layer
A
mesoderm
18
Q
identical twins happen cuz of
A
indeterminate cleavage (instead of determinate)
19
Q
jaundice
A
from excess bile pigments such as bilirubin
20
Q
ciliary muscle in eye
A
adjust lens shape
21
Q
a cancerous cell known as a ___ grows indefintely
A
myeloma
22
Q
lymphocyte fuses with a myeloma cell
A
hybridoma and can now produce a desired antibody!
23
Q
Prostaglandins
A
modified fatty acids which help induce fever, pain sensation, and inflmnmation.
24
Q
adrenal gland makes
A
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone.
25
which trimester do organs develop
1st ** also most sensitive here!!!
26
how to break disulphide bond
reducing conditions
27
bacteria endospores
Endospores are resistant
| to extremes of temperature, chemicals, toxins, detergents ，as well as radiation . will have a thick outer coat.
28
macrophages size
Macrophagεs are the largest phagocytic cells and wil1 phagocytize bacteria.
29
neutrophil amount
Neutrophils make up
| about 60% of white blood cells
30
Fixed action pattern
includes animals flocking, as well as spiders spinning webs! complex behaviour that comes from stimulus!
31
lymphocyte amount
Neutrophils l11ake up about 60% of the white blood cells, with lymphocytes making up 30%
32
spleen
makes lymphocytes, filters blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells
33
epinephrine cascade
can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade which
| ultÌIl1ately leads to glycogen breakdown
34
nerve growth factors cascade??
regulate cell behavior by binding with receptors that can cause a biochel11ical
cascade
35
catabolism
breakdown of nutrìents to provide energy. Anabolism is the synthesis of biomolecules from
simpler compounds
36
Adenylyl cyclase`
catalyzes ATP to cyclic AMP
inactive until epinephrine binds to the receptor protein. The cyclic AMP functions as a second
messenger
37
attenuated vaccine
contains a version of the living microbe that has been weakened and modified in the lab.
However the ability to induce protective immunity remains as virulence is lost
38
tuberculosis
a diseasε causεd by bacteria that spreads through microscopic droplεts relεased into thε alL
Snlall pox, chickenpox, rabies and hεpatitis arε causεd by a virus.
39
marine fish
rarely pee, constantly drink. have isotonic urine
40
fresh water fish
constantly urinate but rarely drink. very dilute urine
41
arthropods body cavity
Ceolomate
42
Platyhelminthes cavity
acoelomate
43
villi in small intestine do not secrete
bicarbonate!!
44
radioactive tracer for DNA?
phosphorus!
45
sarcoma
cancer of connective tissue
46
carcinoma
cancer of skin so present in epithelial tissue
47
maple, oaks and grasses are
ANGIOSPERMS
48
basophil quantity
LEAST of all WBC
49
vasa recta
capillary system that serves the loop of henle
50
mammals and amphibians excrete
urea
51
aquatic animals secrete
ammonia
52
humans opening of mouth or anus is called
BLASTOCYST
53
PRIMITIVE GUT HOLE THING IS CALLED
blastopore
54
in the summer, where is o2 in lake
upper layers, nutrients are in deep water
55
somatostatin
suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin. This suppression wi11 decrease the rate of gastric emptying along with reducing blood flow within the intestines.
56
humour immunity
acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and is based on circulation of antibodies.
57
cell mediated immunity
works against pathogens that have entered body cells by use of T cells
58
diapedesis
White blood cells slip through the tiny endothelial pores. neutrophils go through first!!
59
AB blood is
the universal recipient!!
60
agglutination
mixing of blood from different categories (AB and B) results in agglutination
61
please look at map of different terrain systems
taiga, tundra etc
62
south of tundra is
coniferous forest or taiga
63
desmosomes
abundant in the skin and randomly
arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes allow cells to become joined into strong epithelial
sheets.
64
upon stressing a bone
bone forming cells called osteoblasts deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to
strengthen the bone. The n1Íneral hydroxyapetite is produced.
65
glomerular filtrate lacks__ and is similar to
large protein, plasma
66
first stem in urine formation
is the filtration of substances through the glomendar membrane into Bowman’ s capsule
67
Edward syndrome
trisomy of chromosome 1
68
down syndrome
trisomy 21
69
klinefelter syndrome
trisomy of sex
70
turner syndrome
MONOSOMY XO
71
norepinephrine and epinephrine are what kind of hormones
nonsteroidal
72
alcohol does what to urine
blocks vasopressin (ADH), thus urge to urinate happens as
73
vasopressin and BP
can also raise blood pressure due to vasoconstríctÍon
74
lumen is term for
space inside tube
75
ring of muscle on organs is called
spincter
76
submucosa
a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexusεs.
77
golgi bodies in prokarya
DO NOT EXIST
78
angiosperms can be
monocots or dicots!!
79
cambrium tissue makes
xylem and phloem
80
nucleoside
sugar and base!!
| - side hoe is sweet
81
eukarya often have MULTIPLE origins of replication!!
yes
82
IgA
found in saliva, sweat and tears and prevents bacteria binding to skin
83
IgD
antibody (immunoglobulin) is involved in differentiation of B ce11s into memory and plasma cells
84
hemoglobin is a __ molecule
allosteric
85
platelets are made from
large, multìnucleated cells in thε red marrow
| called Megakaryocytes
86
yellow bone marrow
fat storage
87
spongy bone
see red marrow that functions in the formation of red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes
88
gibberelins
plants to flower as well as allow stem elongation
89
ethylene
fruit ripening
90
Abscisic acid
is an inhibitor of plant growth hormones
91
centriole separation occurs
in prophase
92
Blue-Green algae are
prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera
| *** BACTERIA
93
peripheral proteins can be removed by
Mild treatment with salts
94
removing integral proteins
Detergents, organic solvents, and
| ultrasonic vibrations
95
blue green algae __ cell walls
HAVE
96
female birth control
estrogen and progestin. trick body into "pregnancy"
97
male birth control
interfere with LH and FSH thus decrease sperm production
98
review hormones
plz
99
coagulase
an enzyme producεd by staphylococcus bacteria that allows blood to clot
100
grasshopper is
arthropod
101
Chief cells
secrete Pepsinogen
102
Parietal cells:
secrete HCl, intrinsic factor (B-12 absorption)
103
G-cells
secrete the hormonε gastrin which stimulate HCI production of parietal cells
104
collagen helix
TRIPLE helix
| made with hydroxyproline and hydroxylysíne
105
Osteoblasts,
do not carry out mitosis, secretε collagen
| build bone
106
when body needs calcium
osteoclasts break it
107
hormones for osteoclasts
PTH (Parathyroid hormone) will stimulatε Osteoclastic activity, whíle Calcitonin
tones down the blood calcium level by decreasing Osteoclastic activity
108
Scurvy
amnino acid Proline not being hydroxylated
| to hydroxyproline‘ This accounts for less stability in the collagen molecule.
109
Cardiac Muscle:
Single nucleus, has striations as well as complex junctíons between adjacent individual cells called Intercalated discs,
it is involuntary.
110
skeleton muscle
Multinucleated, voluntary and striated. Nonnally does not undergo mitosis, contains thick myosin protein filaments
that slide past the thin actin protein filaments.
111
Smooth muscle:
Single nucleated, found in walls ofurinary bladder, digestive system, utenls, blood vessels, involuntary, non-striatεd，
actin and myosin are present, but not organized into sarcomeres like seen in skeletal muscle.
112
cortisol
increases blood glucose
113
aldosterone
increases na and cl absorption, k excretion
114
epinephrine
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
115
know fast and slow block of polyspermy
plz
116
highest level of hormone in secretion of me=nstrual cycle
progesteron
117
diatom cell wall
glass
118
Reverse Transcriptase
enzyme seen in retrovimses in which RNA, rather than DNA, is the genetic materíal. DNA ís made from RNA and
incorporated into the host cell
119
SEX LINKED DISEASE IS ALWAYS ON
X CHROMOSOME
120
hardy weinberg assumptions
no mutation, natural selection, migration, and all random mating
121
inversion of chromosome
a chromosomal segment is turned around 180 deg
122
translocation of chromosome
switches places
123
klinefelter
44 autosomes and XXY
124
dear god plz know mentruation and maturation of sperm inside out
plz
125
what did darwin lack
he did not know how variations in traits happened!!!
126
corpus luteum degrades to
Corpus Albicans w/o fertilization
127
SA node does what
starts the heart contraction
128
amphioxus animal
AN INVERTEBRATE
| - this is a LANCET
129
know the viviparous oviviparous stuff
in notes
130
be careful when asked about where blood GOES or COMES FROm
changes the answer
131
genetic code is unversal except for
mitochondria
132
acetyl coA and phosphoenolpyruvate are ex of
high energy compounds
133
Cholecystokinin
honnone made by cells ofthe duodenum (first part ofthe small intestine) that stimulates bile
release
134
secretin
Some duodenal cells produce. stimulates the production of pancreatic juice,
especially the bicarbonate portion
135
gastrin
does HCl secretion
136
Enterogastrone
made in the duodenum, and when fatty food is in the intestÍne, it inhibits stomach gland sεcretion
and slows the stomach’s nluscular movement
137
KNOW THY HORMONES
plz
138
carbon monoxide hemoglobin is called
carbaminohemoglobin
139
umbilical vien carry
OXYGENATED BLOOD
140
ductus venosus
blood bypasses liver of baby
141
foramen ovale
can bypass the pulmonary
| circulation
142
Corpus Callosum
divides the brain hemispheres
143
ligament connects
bone to bone
144
what does liver do
albumin synth, bile synth. destroy old blood, converts waste into urea but stores GLYCOGEN
145
diapause
like hibernation but in insects
146
restriction endonuclease only cuts
PALINDROME (don't confuse with SNRPS)
147
urine leaves kidney by way of
ureter
148
gout
uric acid crystals deposit in tissues
149
diabetes insipidus
insufficient vasopressin production
150
tay sachs
lysosomal defect
151
Hashimoto's disease
thyroid involvement
152
PKU disease
a high amount of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood
- HOMOzygous recessive and lack phenylalanine enzyme
153
know your embryology
plz
154
visual purple is
rhodopsin in retina of eye!!!
155
know the brain functions
plz
156
most enzymatic hydrolysis occurs in
small intestine!
157
blood from villi goes
into LACTEAL~
158
n2 is replenished into atmosphere by
Denitrifying bacteria!
159
different animals differ in their
DNA sequence!
160
what element separated mesozoic from Cenozoic sediments
iridium!
161
any cloning of cells is what technique
PCR
162
genomic library
all organisms' DNA
163
cDNA
contains only EXPRESSED genes of an organism
164
products of TCA
3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1 GTP
165
when asked about anticodon on tRNA from DNA
REMEMBER mRNA gets made first, THEN do the matching to the mRNA
166
bacteria get their energy from
glycolysis and ETC!
167
nervous system and endocrine system link?
hypothalamus. regulates stuff and produces neurosecretins
168
bile enters where
duodenum
169
ileum is what
last part of digestive system
170
what is NOT produced in glycolysis and krebs
NAD+!
171
crossing over occurs where in meiosis
prophase 1
172
in any dihybrid cross remember
9: 3:3:1
- 3 and 3 are the half recessive ones
- 1 is fully recessive
173
islets of langerhans produce
- alpha and beta cells in pancreas. alpha: glucagon while beta makes insulin
174
leydig cells produce
- in testes secrete testosterone
175
contracting muscle has..
lactate. and it gets 2 ATP per production of lactate!!
176
chargaff rule
A + G = C +T
177
how many cranial nerves
12
| - can be sensory, motor and mixed
178
apocrine
glands that respond to stress
179
eccrine
maintain body temp glands
180
sweat glands are.. both
apocrine and eccrine
181
interior of cnidoblasts are
nematocysts!
182
melanocytes are found in which layer
stratum germinativum
183
sinus is
cavity or hollow space in bone
184
peritoneum is
tissue that covers organs and lines body cavity
185
functional unit of the nervous system is
neuron!
186
progeria
autosomal recessive disease with premature aging
187
achondroplasia
dwarfism. autosomal dominant disease
188
r plasmids
can carry genεS for enzymes that can dεstroy antibiotics such as tεtracycline
189
lac operon
3 structural genes that allow for synthesis of 3 enzymes for lactose metabolism
-Lactose
binds to thε repressor and inactivates it.. It is
also required that glucose be absent. If glucose is absent, a positive gene regulation occurs‘
190
earth atmosphere early was made up of
reducing stuff. NH2, H2, CH4, water, Co and CO2 but NO OXYGEN
191
r selected species
smaller animals, who do exponential growth. minimal parent care, and low survival rate
192
what transports water in plants
XYLEM
193
excessive bone resorption
leads to excessive release of calcium from bone!! causes INCR in ca levels
194
skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary long fibers, MULTI nuc
195
smooth muscle
involuntary, tapered ends, non striated
196
cardiac muscle
striated, involuntary, branched
197
cortical reaction
formation of a fertilization membrane!!
| - this is SLOW block
198
topoisomerase
unwinds the helix in replication and transcription!
199
p + q = 1
FREQUENCIES of ALLELES
200
p2 = 2pq = q2
frequencies of INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPES
201
what holds lipid bilayer together
HYDROGEN BONDING for heads, and van deer waals forces for the tails
202
pedigree when mom and dad both have it, and one offspring has it
autosomal dominant. Parents r heterozy
203
pedigree only offspring has it
autosomal dominant Parents r heterozy
204
pedigree dad has it, and (mostly) only daughters have it
x linked dominant.
205
pedigree (mostly) only sons have it
x linked recessive
