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1
Q

Hormones of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

A

Cortex - cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

Medulla- epinephrine, norep

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3
Q

Hormones

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior - ACTH, prolactin

Posterior- ADH, oxytocin

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4
Q

ADH vs aldosterone

A

ADH promotes water retention in kidneys in response to thirst

Aldosterone promotes salt resorption in kidneys in response to high blood pressure

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5
Q

Hormones produced by thyroid

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

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6
Q

Calcitonin

A

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and reduce breakdown of bone (stay Calcified)

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7
Q

Tricuspid vs bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

Tricuspid - between right ventricle and atrium

Bicuspid - between left ventricle and atrium

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8
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates production of RBCs in the bone marrow

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9
Q

Bohr effect factors contributing to lower oxygen affinity to hemoglobin

Constitutes _____ shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

High CO2, low pH, high temp

Right shift

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10
Q

Order of emptying in kidney

A

Collecting duct empties at tip of renal pyramid (papillae) -> calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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11
Q

Functions of each part of nephron

A 
PCT - reabsorption of amino acids, etc
Descending loop of Henle - H2O out
Ascending loop of Henle - Na+ out 
DCT - aldosterone acts to reabsorb salts, ADH acts to reabsorb H2O
Collecting duct-resorption of H2O
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12
Q

Angiotensin II function

A

Stimulates aldosterone release and increases BP

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13
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells location and function

A

In afferent arteriole

Monitor systemic BP
Secrete renin which eventually results in secretion of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor

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14
Q

Hypoventilation leads to

A

Acidosis in blood

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15
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl

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16
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen -> pepsin (by acidic gastric pH)

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17
Q

CCK

A

Hormone secreted by walls of duodenum when excess acidity is detected to prevent stomach emptying

Stimulates bile release

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18
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone secreted by G cells in stomach wall to promote gastric motility. Leads to histamine production which activates parietal cell HCl secretion

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19
Q

Lacteals

A

Absorb fats into lymphatic system which dumps into thoracic duct then bloodstream

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20
Q

Peyers patches

A

Lymphocytes in villi

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21
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

In duodenum, break peptides and carbs into amino acids and monosaccharides

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22
Q

Bile functions

A

A conduit for waste disposal

Fat absorption

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23
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulates pancreatic release of HCO3- to buffer pH in duodenum

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24
Q

Liver functions (4)

A

Releases glucose stored as glycogen
Makes urea out of toxic ammonia
Make HDL, VLDL, LDL out of chylomicron remnants
Makes clotting proteins

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25
Q

Calcitriol

A

Made by kidneys and promotes uptake of calcium in intestines

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26
How is Angiotensin II made?
JG cells -> renin Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
27
Troponin-tropomyosin complex
Ca2+ binds troponin, which then moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites.
28
Action potential from NMJ to muscle contraction
AP arrives at NMJ, increase in Ca2+ at axon terminal, release of ACh which binds myofibril’s channels, opens voltage gated Na+ channels in myofiber, propagation through T tubules and SR, release of Ca2+ by SR, myosin binding sites in sarcomere exposed
29
Types of muscle fibres
Slow twitch red oxidative - lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, lasts long Type IIA fast twitch - some mitochondria Type IIB fast twitch - no mitochondria, provides strong force, tires easily
30
Yellow marrow vs Red marrow
Yellow - in long bones Red - in spongy bone in flat bones. Site of hematopoietic
31
Types of cartilage
Hyaline (trachea) Elastic (ear) Fibrous (pelvic area) very stiff
32
Types of joints
Synarthroses (skull) Amphiarthroses (vertebrae) slightly movable Diarthroses (elbow, shoulder)
33
Epiphysis and diaphysis
Epiphysis - end part of long bones | Diaphysis - middle part of long bones
34
Compact bone elements
Osteon consists of Lacunae containing osteocytes Which connects with other osteocytes via canaliculi Lamellae - rings around Haversian canal Volkmann canals - perpendicular
35
Action potential in heart
SA node-> AV node -> Bundle of His -> right and left branches -> purkinje fibres
36
Dermis vs epidermis
Dermis - sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, hair follicles Hypodermis - adipose cells i.e. fat
37
Henry’s law
Concentration = partial pressure x solubility
38
List 8 lung capacities
ERV, IRV, RV, TV, FRC, IC, VC, TLC
39
Seminiferous tubules
In testes, where spermatogenesis occurs
40
Sertoli cells
Nourish sperm | In walls of seminiferous tubules
41
Leydig cells
Make testosterone in testis
42
Sperm movement process
Made in testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> joins seminal vesicles -> empties into urethra
43
Sperm development
Spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatic -> spermatozoa
44
MHC I vs MHC II
MHC I presents antigens from within cells | MHC II presents antigens from environment
45
Structure of antibody
``` Heavy chains (middle part) light chains (outside) Variable region (tips) constant region ```
46
LH and FSH in males
LH stimulate testosterone production (Leydig cells) | FSH stimulate Sertoli cells
47
GnRH
Made in hypothalamus | Stimulates pituitary to secrete LH and FSH which influence gonads
48
Egg development
Oogonia is arrested in prophase I Meiosis I completed monthly -> first polar body + secondary oocyte Meiosis II completed upon fertilization -> second polar body + ovum
49
Parts of secondary oocyte
Outermost is granules a cells which become the corona radiata Then zona pellucida
50
Graafian follicle
Holds secondary oocyte and releases into fallopian tubes
51
LH and FSH in females
FSH stimulates granulosa and thecal cells to develop
52
Hormone cycle in female reproductive system
FSH leads to E secretion from granulosa and thecal cells E inhibits LH, FSH, GnRH but afterward positive feedback with LH LH surge causes ovulation and develops C.Luteum C. Luteum secrete E/P E/P inhibit LH, FSH, GnRH Endometrium sloughed off when E/P drops
53
Blocks to polyspermy
Fast block - depolarization of egg membrane prevents fusion with another sperm Slow block - hardening of zona pellucida
54
Blastula parts
Trophoblast - forms chorion | Inner cell mass - embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois
55
Germ layers
Ectoderm - neural, epidermis, pituitary Mesoderm - connective, urogenital, cardiovascular, dermis Endoderm - GI epithelium and glands (pancreas etc.), bladder
56
Cell differentiation types
Totipotent - become cells of trophoblast or ICM Pluripotent - become any of the germ layers Multipotent - become cells of certain tissues
57
Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary Uterine contractions Milk release
58
Gram + vs - bacteria
Gram + stain purple Single thick wall Gram - no stain Thick wall and thin wall
59
Sodium potassium pump
3 Na out 2 K in
60
Microglia
Clean up
61
Mitosis phases
Interphase consists of G1, G2, S S phase is genome replication G1,G2 growth
62
Wobble base pairing | tRNA -> mRNA
I -> A,U,C G -> U U -> G
63
PTH
PTH stimulates osteoclasts and bone resorption
64
DNA enzymes | Synthesis of DNA
Pol III in prok | Pol alpha and delta in euk
65
DNA enzymes | Removal of RNA primers & reconstruction
Prok - DNA Pol I | Euk - RNAse H
66
Ribosome subunits
Prok- 70S composed of 50S and 30S Euk- 80S composed of 60S and 40S Prok has the 23S/16S RNA Euk has the 28S/18S RNA
67
Stop codons
UGA UAA UAG
68
Cerebellum
Balance and posture
69
Pons
Connects medulla and cortex
70
Thalamus
Sensory relay
71
Hindbrain Contains
Balance and motor coordination Cerebellum Medulla Reticular formation
72
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine Involved in emotion
73
Midbrain Contains
Inferior and superior colliculi
74
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis and integrates with endocrine via hypophyseal portal
75
Basal ganglia
Smooth movements
76
Limbic system
Contains hippocampus and amygdala | Memory and emotion
77
Parietal lobe
Touch, pain, spatial processing
78
Temporal lobe
Speech comprehension, memory and emotion
79
Types of junctions
Gap - ion channels Tight- watertight seal Desmosomes - spot connections that adheres cells to eachother
80
Types of PAGE
SDS - charge is not a factor because coated with SDS, protein denatured Native page - no denaturation, charge is a factor Reducing page - breaks at the -SH groups, doesn’t denature Denaturing page - denaturation, charge a factor Denaturation disrupts monomer interactions
81
Restriction enzyme sites
Palindromic and 4-6 bp E.g. AAGTCC
82
Retroviruses
VRNA injected into cell, uses RT to become double stranded and integrase to integrate into host cell DNA. Then uses host cell machinery for transcription
83
Shine Dalgarno
Ribosome binding site on mRNA in bacteria
84
Primase
Makes RNA primers
85
TATA/Pribnow box
TATA box is sequence near promotor in DNA (eukaryotes) Pribnow box is bacterial version
86
Coding strand
Opposite of remplate strand
87
Endomembrane system
Outgoing: RER or SER-> Transport vesicle -> golgi -> endosome -> secretory vesicle Incoming: Incoming vesicle fuses with lysosome
88
Neuron action potential m
-70 mV resting membrane potential -50 mV sodium v-gated open +35 mV sodium v-gated close, potassium v-gated open -90 mV potassium v-gated close
89
Helper T cells
CD4 | Respond to MHC II
90
Cytotoxic T cells
Respond to MHC I | CD8
91
Adaptive immune system
Cytotoxic and humoral
92
NK cells
Attack cells without MHC e.g cancer
93
Which nitrogenous base gives 2 hydrogen bonds?
Guanosine
94
Which nitrogenous base gives 2 hydrogen bonds?
Guanosine
95
RNA Pol II
Transcription
96
RNA Pol II
Transcription
97
Peroxisomes
Site of beta oxidation of long fatty acids
98
Depressants
Barbs Benzos Alcohol
99
Stimulant
Cocaine Amphetamine Ecstasy
100
Opioid
Heroin | Morphine
101
Hallucinogens
LSD
102
Hallucinogens
LSD

Mcat (7 decks)

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