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BIO BASES Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

functional units of the nervous system

generate electrical impulses - sending messages to other cells

A

neuron

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2
Q

increase the cell’s surface area

A

dendrites

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3
Q

fuels the cell - houses chromosomes that carry genetic instructions

A

cell body

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4
Q

extends from the cell body

forms the beginning of the neuron’s axon

A

axon hillock

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5
Q

axon collaterals divide into “end” branches, knows as

A

teleodendra

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6
Q

how information travels through a neuron

A

dendrites - cell body - axon hillock - axon - teleodendria - terminal buttons

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7
Q

chemical message - carry a signal across the synapse to influence the target cell’s electrical activity

carry messages from one neuron to the next

A

neurotransmitter

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8
Q

decreases the neuron’s ability to pass information along

A

inhibitory synapse

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9
Q

increases the neurons ability to pass information along

A

excitatory synapse

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10
Q

like mini factories - product is proteins

tiny - 1 to 20 micrometers

A

neurons

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11
Q

separate the neuron from its surrounding and regulate the materials that enter and leave

A

cell membrane

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12
Q

finished proteins are packed in the membrane and addressed in the ____ ____ that pass them along to the cell’s transportation network

A

Golgi bodies

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13
Q

cell’s power plant

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

inside of the membrane carries a charge of

A

-70 mV (action potential)

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15
Q

slight increases or decreases in the axon’s membrane voltage

A

graded potential

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16
Q

decrease in axon’s membrane voltage

A

depolarization

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17
Q

increase in axon’s membrane voltage

A

hyperpolarization

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18
Q

brief but extremely large reversal in the polarity of the axon’s membrane

A

action potential

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19
Q

triggered when the cell membrane is depolarized to about -50mV

A

threshold potential

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20
Q

receives thousands of connections from other neurons

A

dendritic tree

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21
Q

the 3 classes of neurotransmitters

A

small molecule
peptide
transmitter gases

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22
Q

type of neurotransmitter that is quick acting - synthesized from dietary nutrients

A

small molecule

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23
Q

type of neurotransmitter that forms amino acid chains - relatively slow acting

hormones for growth, response to stress

A

peptide

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24
Q

type of neurotransmitter that controls muscles and dilates blood vessels

A

transmitter gases

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25
small molecule neurotransmitter that assists in the breakdown of food
acetylcholine
26
peptide neurotransmitter that assists in the response to stress and attention
dopamine
27
brain structure that controls movement and balance
hindbrain
28
most distinctive hindbrain structure - sends connections to other parts of brain necessary for fine, coordinated movements motor coordination and learning
cerebellum
29
damage to this hindbrain structure results in equilibrium problems, postural deficits, and impairments in skilled motor activity
cerebellum
30
part of the hindbrain that controls sleeping and waking - maintains general arousal or consciousness
reticular formation
31
nuclei within the upper brainstem
pons
32
nuclei within the lower brainstem
medulla
33
means bridge - bridges inputs from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
pons
34
regulates breathing + cardiovascular systems
medulla
35
brain structure that mediates cognitive functioning
forebrain
36
3 main forebrain structures
basal ganglia limbic system cerebral cortex
37
part of the forebrain that is associated with movement - controlling movement patterns- supports associative learning
basal ganglia
38
part of the forebrain that is associated with self-regulatory behaviors (emotion, memory, spatial behavior, social behavior)
limbic system
39
part of the limbic system (forebrain) that is related to emotion - helps result in affective responses
amygdala
40
part of the limbic system (forebrain) necessary for personal memory and spatial navigation contains many receptors for stress responses important for episodic memory
hippocampus
41
memories are held in the hippocampus for a time, then generally consolidated in the ________
neocortex
42
______ and _________ contain the neural circuits for the overt expression of emotion and for automatic responses
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
43
Houses the thalamus and hypothalamus - lies between the forebrain and midbrain
diencephalon
44
contains 22 fiber systems nuclei for regulatory functions - feeding, sex, sleeping, temperature regulation responsible for fight or flight response
hypothalamus
45
contains 20 nuclei relays sensory information to cortex serves has hub - interconnecting many brain regions
thalamus
46
means bark in latin - outer layer of the brain covers most of the brain
cerebral cortex
47
folds in the cortex
gyri
48
creases in the cortex
sulci
49
divides the 2 hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
50
made up of 17 networks primary sensory motor
cerebral cortex
51
back of each hemisphere houses vision
occipital lobe
52
part of the occipital lobe that provides visual guidance
dorsal stream
53
part of the occipital lobe that assists with object perception
ventral stream
54
damage to this lobe may result in blindness or deficits in perceiving color, form, and movement
occipital lobe
55
sits behind the frontal lobe processes and integrates sensory and visual information primary function is guiding limb movement
parietal lobe
56
region of the parietal lobe that assists in mental manipulation, visuospatial functions, and spatial navigation
superior region
57
region of the parietal lobe that assists with spatial cognition
inferior region
58
damage to this lobe results in an inability to recognize objects by touch deficits in math, reading, and spatial cognition
parietal lobe
59
lobe responsible for processing auditory information - important for understanding sensory input
temporal lobe
60
this hemisphere of this lobe processes the speed of auditory information
left hemisphere of the temporal lobe
61
this hemisphere of this lobe processing the frequency of auditory information
right hemisphere of the temporal lobe
62
The temporal lobe has ___ functional zones - they are?
``` (4) auditory visual emotion object memory ```
63
damage to the ___ region of the ___ lobe results in the disruption of the ability to recognize complex stimuli, such as faces
visual, temporal
64
front of the brain primary function is to select behaviors with respect to context
frontal lobe
65
the frontal lobe has ___ functional zones - they are?
``` (4) primary motor cortex premotor cortex prefrontal cortex anterior cingulate cortex ```
66
this functional zone of the frontal lobe helps specific elementary movements
primary motor cortex
67
this functional zone of the frontal lobe helps with complex movements - selecting behaviors based on environmental cues
premotor cortex
68
this functional zone of the frontal lobe helps regulate socioemotional behaviors - decision making related to emotion and reward
prefrontal cortex
69
this functional zone of the frontal lobe helps modulate the other cerebral networks
anterior cingulate cortex
70
lesions to this lobe may result in disturbances of motor functioning / loss of divergent thinking / impaired response inhibition
frontal lobe lesion
71
____ lesions on the frontal lobe may impair language and movement
left
72
_____ lesions on the frontal lobe may impair non-langage functions - i.e. emotion
right
73
connects the brains hemispheres - allows them to interact made up of 200-800 million fibers facilitates communication between the 2 sides of the brain transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between hemispheres
corpus callosum
74
_____ found speech in the _____ lobe - _____ side of the brain
Brocca, frontal, left
75
this hemisphere is considered the dominant hemisphere - has a special role in language
left
76
damage to this area may result in difficulties with speech production / generation of speech
Broca's area (Broca's aphasia)
77
located in the left temporal lobe - responsible for language comprehension - where spoken language is understood - comprehension of speech / receptive language
Wernicke's area
78
difficulty in comprehending language losing the ability to connect words with appropriate meanings - often unaware that spoken language may not make sense to others
Wernicke's aphasia
79
______ - one hemisphere can perform a function not shared by the other
lateralization (Benton, 1964)
80
this hemisphere is logical, analytical, computer-like
left (Spring et al., 1998)
81
this hemisphere configures stimuli - synthesizer of info.
right (Spring et al., 1998)
82
_______ - the recovery of brain function after brain damage
neuroplasticity
83
if a brain injury occurs within the first ___ years = consequences are severe if a brain injury occurs around the age of ___ = greater degree of normal development has preceded
2 ; 4 (Kauffman, 2001)
84
decreased ______ activity is associated with hyperactivity
noradrenergic
85
structural abnormalities associated with ADHD (Shaw et al., 2006) - what are they
delayed cortical development / cortical thinning / reduction of white matter / reduction in brain volume
86
low levels of ______ and ______ make controlling impulses difficult - can result in inattention and distractibility
dopamine and norepinephrine
87
what 3 neurotransmitters are linked to anxiety
Serotonin (low) GABA Norepinephrine (Henry, 2013)
88
These two brain structures play a significant role in anxiety
amygdala (fear center) | hippocampus (encoding threats into memories)
89
depression is associated with decreased activity of _______ neurons
noradrenergic
90
depression is linked to low levels of these 3 neurotransmitters
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine (Nemade et al., 2007)
91
for individuals that are depressed, the activity in the ____ is higher; while the size of the _____ is smaller
amygdala ; hippocampus
92
The emotion center of the brain - when someone is expressing anger they are using this
limbic system
93
storehouse for emotion - role in anger production
amygdala
94
this hemisphere plays a major role in producing strong emotions
right
95
anger is related to low levels of ____
serotonin

Prelims (29 decks)

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