Research Methods Flashcards by Brandon Wood

characteristic that takes on different values or conditions for different individuals (score on each item may be different)

variable (Jurs, 2009)

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characteristics of a good research question - name them

feasible 
interesting 
novel 
relevant 
(Cummings et al., 1998)

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extent to which results can be interpreted accurately - with no plausible alternative explanation

internal validity

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extend to which results can be generalized to populations, situations, and conditions

external validity

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the internal validity of survey research depends on what

rigor of the instrument - concepts one sets out to measure are actually measured and completely (Wiersma, 2012)

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the external validity of survey research depends on what

response rate
completeness of data

random selection helps improve external validity

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name the two types on non-probability sampling (Bryman, 1994) used in my study

purposive- members of a particular group are purposively sought

convenience- selection based on availability

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The Tuskeegee study had how many black men

400

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Robbers Cave - the introduction of ____ goals leads to cohesiveness

subordinate

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Name the 3 elements of the Belmont Report (1979)

Respect for Persons
Beneficence
Justice

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What are the 5 approaches to qualitative research - name them

narrative 
phenomenology 
grounded theory 
ethnography 
case study

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type of qualitative research

small sample - collection and analysis of stories people have to tell
analysis involves recording of data into a chronological story

EX. Oral history - gathering personal experiences about an event / situation

Narrative Research

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type of qualitative research - uncover the essence of lived experience - seek to suspend judgment - only meaning is based on how people experience something

methodology is mostly interview - analysis is thematic in nature

Phenomenological research

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qualitative research type - builds upon a thematic structure of experience into a theoretical explanation - Focus is typically on some process or action - any explanation must be grounded in the data-

Data collection involves a combination of methods - not a one shot solution

analysis involves repeated researcher memoing

grounded theory research

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qualitative research approach - empirical investigation of an aspect of culture - shared meaning, social norms, shared patterns of behavior

focus on a group having a common cultural experience - focus commonly on some social behavior

methodology - extended observations

EX> Critical ____ - advocating for a cultural group

Ethnographic research

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qualitative research type - studying a particular case within context - in-depth inquiry - collection of multiple sources

employs triangulation of data

EX. Instrumental ____ ____ - goal of understanding some phenomena of interest

Cast Study Research

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name the 4 elements of establishing trustworthiness in qualitative research, as suggested by Lincoln & Guba, 1985

credibility
transferability
dependability
confirmability

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confidence in the “truth” of the findings

believability of the study

analogous to internal validity

credibility

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showing that the findings have applicability in other contexts

analogous to external validity

transferability

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showing that the findings are consistent and repeatable

similar to reliability

dependability

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extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the respondents = not researcher bias, motivation, or interest

confirmability

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technique for establishing credibility - spending sufficient time in the field - long enough to detect and account for distortions that might be in the data

prolonged engagement

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technique for establishing credibility - purpose is to identify those characteristics and elements in the situation that are most relevant to the problem or issue

persistent observation

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Patton (1999) identified 4 types of triangulation - name them

methods - different data collection methods
sources - different points in time or public v. private setting
analyst - multiple analyst
Theory - multiple theories

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Triangulation is a technique for establishing _____

credibility

technique for establishing credibility - exposing ones research to a disinterested peer or someone without knowledge of the research

peer debriefing

technique for credibility - searching for and discussing elements of the data that do not support or appear to contradict patterns or explanations

negative case analysis

technique for credibility - data, analysis, interpretations, and conclusions are tested with members of the groups

member checking

Name the 6 techniques for establishing credibility in a study

3P MNT ``` prolonged engagement persistent observation peer debriefing member checking Negative case analysis triangulation ```

technique for establishing transferability - detailed account of field experiences - description in sufficient detail - detailed account of your research and outcome

thick description

name the 1 technique for establishing transferability

thick description

technique for establishing dependability - having a researcher not involved examine both the process and product of the research to evaluate the accuracy and whether or not the findings are supported by the data

inquiry audit

name the one technique for establishing dependability

inquiry audit

technique for establishing confirmability - transparent description of the research steps taken - providing a clear description of research paths

audit trail

technique for establishing confirmability - thoughts about how the research process is impacting the researcher

reflexivity - reflexive journal

name the 2 techniques for establishing confirmability

audit trail | reflexive journal

research strategy using completely separate groups - involves separate and independent samples and makes a comparison

between group design

goal of between subjects research is to evaluate the ____ difference between ___ groups

mean ; 2

_____ _____ research typically involves measuring the DV repeatedly over time and changing conditions

single subject

Repeated measures =

within subjects design

in a _____ _____ study, each individual is measured in two different treatment conditions - 2 separate scores are obtained for each individual

within subjects

the main advantage of an ______ is that it can be used to compare two or more treatments

ANOVA

In the context of ANOVA, a ____ is called a factor

For _____, we want to compare differences among two or more sample means

ANOVA

A ______ contains more than one DV

MANOVA

______ analysis is used for estimating the relationships among variables

regression

The focus of ______ ______ is on the relationship between a DV and one or more IV (predictors)

regression analysis

______ _______ allows you to examine how multiple IV's are related to a DV - the variance accounted for - introducing more predictor variables also for accounting of more variance

multiple regression

Single case designs are a class of _______ methodology

experimental

what is the most common feature of SCD

baseline logic

1st stage of baseline logic

prediction statement

2nd stage of baseline logic

affirmation of the consequent

3rd stage of baseline logic

verification

4th (final) stage of baseline logic

replication by affirmation of the consequent

In an AB design, A refers to _____; B refers to _____

baseline ; intervention

In ABA design, the second A refers to ____

verification

In ABAB design, the second B refers to _____

replication

In a ____ _____ design, replication is accomplished across participants - series of AB designs

multiple baseline

A comparison of 2 interventions or more with a final return to baseline is referred to ______ treatment

alternating

____ formats are the most effective and efficient means of determining effectiveness

visual

traditional visual analysis includes examining what (4)

level immediacy variability trend

all of the aspects of visual analysis must be considered as a _____ rather than in isolation

package

computed by subtracting the mean of the baseline from the mean of the intervention data and dividing by the SD of baseline

no-assumptions effects size (NAES)

a mean NAES of ____ or greater for interventions is considered effective

2.87 (Burns, 2008)

in this form of effect size calculation, the most extreme baseline data point is identified and a line from that point is drawn through the intervention data - the number of points above/below is divided by the total number of intervention points

Percentage of non overlapping data (PND)

The recommended PND for a large effect is at least ___%

80% (Scruggs, 1998)

Effect size calculation where a trend line is added

R squared

When adding a trend line, by displaying R2 on the graph, the recommendation for a large effect size is ____ or higher

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