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MCAT mastery > Bio/Biochem 3 > Flashcards

Bio/Biochem 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is mendels first law?

A

law of segregation

alleles for same gene segregate during meiosis (anaphase I)

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2
Q

What is mendels second law

A

independent assortment

alleles sort independently, gametes get maternal or paternal copy of each chromosome

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3
Q

What is penetrance?

A

the proportion of individuals in a population with a genotype who actually express phenotype.

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4
Q

What is expressivity (genetics)?

A

Varying degree to which an allele manifests as a phenotype

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5
Q

Codominance means what (genetics)?

A

when two dominant alleles are expressed simultaneously

ex: blood types

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6
Q

Incomplete dominance is what?

A

when heterozygotes express an intermediate phenotype

Crossing red flower x white flower = pink flower (blend)

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7
Q

What are examples of mutagens?

A

ionizing radiation
chemical mutagens
transposons

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8
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

one nucleotide swapped for another

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9
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Are point mutations that cause a new amino acid to be made

May or may not effect protein function

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10
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Nonsense mutations create a new stop codon (truncate protein)

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11
Q

What are the three kinds of point mutations?

A

silent
missense (changes aa)
nonsense (makes stop)

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12
Q

What are deleterious mutations?

A

Bad mutations

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13
Q

Which of atrial / ventricles have thicker walls?

A

ventricles

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14
Q

Which side of the heart is thicker with more muscle?

A

Left

because it pumps to whole body

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15
Q

What is the valve that permits blood passage from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid

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16
Q

What is the valve that allows blood passage from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

bicuspid valve

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17
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

mitral valve

18
Q

What is a mneumonic to remember left atrium/right atrium valves?

A

LAB
RAT
Left atrium bicuspid
Right atrium tricuspid

19
Q

SA node sends signals to contract?

A

atria

20
Q

What is the order of electrical conductance in the heart?

A

SA
AV
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

Start A Blood Pump

21
Q

What happens during systole?

A

tri and bicuspid valves close

Blood pumped out of ventricle

22
Q

What happens during the diastole?

A

semlunar valves close

Blood from atria fills ventricles

23
Q

What is the lub dub from?

A

lub - tri and bicuspid close

dub - semilunar valves close

24
Q

How to determine Cariac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

SV = stroke volume

25
Q

Veins containt about _____ of the bodies blood

A

3/4

26
Q

Which has thicker smooth muscle? arteries or veins

A

arteries

27
Q

Veins or arteries. Which is elastic?

A

arteries

28
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

percentage of RBC’s

29
Q

Leukocytes are what?

A

white blood cells

30
Q

What are the granulocytes? (3)

A

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

31
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

monocyte

lymphocyte

32
Q

What are the two kinds of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells

T-cells

33
Q

What is the thrombocytes?

A

platelets

34
Q

4 possible blood types?

A

A
B
AB
O

35
Q

What are the genotypes of A, B, AB, O

A

IA,IA or IA,i
IB,IB or IB,i
IA,IB
i,i

36
Q

Type A blood forms what antibodies?

A

B antibodies

37
Q

Blood type O forms what antibody?

A

A and B antibodies

38
Q

Blood type AB forms what antibody??

A

No antibodies formed in AB blood type

39
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

AB blood

Because it produces AB antigens which means NO antibodies are produced, which means it can get blood from anyone

40
Q

What is the universal donator?

A

O blood type

Because O blood type does not produce any antigens, therefore it produces antibodies A and B,

41
Q

Acrocentric chromosomes have centromere where?

A

near their end

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