Bio Biodiversity Test Grade 11 Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
- Biological Classification: What is Taxonomy?
A
Science of identifying, classifying, and naming species
2
Q
- What are the 8 main taxa?
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
3
Q
- What is a Dichotomous Key used for?
A
a tool with branching statements used to identify unknown organisms
4
Q
- What are the three domains of life?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
5
Q
- What is a prokaryote?
A
- membrane bound organelles
- no nucleus
- circular DNA
- both bacteria and archaea
6
Q
- What is an extremophile? Are archaea or bacteria typically extremophiles? What are the 6 types of extremophiles?
A
An extremophile is an organism that thrives in extreme conditions
Archaea
- acidophiles (high acid)
- Halophiles (high salt)
- Piezophiles (high pressure)
- Psychrophiles (low temp)
- Thermophiles (high temp)
- Radiophiles (high radiation)
7
Q
- How is Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA different?
A
Prokaryotic: Only one circular chromosome
Eukaryotic: Multiple linear chromosomes
8
Q
- What is a plasmid?
A
Circular ring of DNA separate from prokaryotes chromosomes, usually contains foreign DNA.
9
Q
- What is binary fission? Is sexual or asexual? What are some advantages and disadvantages?
A
Binary fission: Prokaryotic parent cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells
Asexual
Advantages: rapid growth
Disadvantages: no genetic variation, all offspring are clones of parent (unless mutation is present)
10
Q
- What is the name for sexual reproduction among prokaryotes? Explain it…
A
Recombination: ability for prokaryotic cell to insert segments of its DNA into another another individual
11
Q
- What are the three types of recombination? Describe them…
A
- Transformation: One individual takes in a piece of DNA from the environment
- Conjugation: Two prokaryotic cells connect and give copy of genetic material
- Transduction: DNA from one prokaryote is injected into another, usually by bacteriophages
12
Q
- How are prokaryotes classified?
A
- Cell wall
- Cell mobility
- Shape
- Nutritional Mode
- Oxygen Metabolism
13
Q
- (bacteria) What are the two ways peptidoglycan can be integrated as a cell wall? What colour do they produce?
A
- Gram-negative: Two membrane layers, thin peptidoglycan, stains pink.
- Gram-positive: One membrane layer, thick peptidoglycan, stains purple
14
Q
- (archaea) What are the cell wall components of archaea?
A
Pseudopeptidoglycan: absorb less stain; gram-negative
Phospholipids: located in the membrane are chemically.
15
Q
- What are the four ways bacteria can move?
A
- Passive motion (relies on the environment to move)
- Flagellum (uses long hair-like structure)
- Corkscrew Motion (has an internal flagellum that moves helically)
- Gliding (slides across surfaces using mucus secreted)
16
Q
- How can Archaea move?
A
- Archaellum
- Passive Motion
17
Q
- What shapes (group and form) can prokaryotes come in?
A
Group:
Pairs = diplo
Clumps = staphylo
Strings = Strepto
Forms:
Spherical = Coccus
Rod-shape = Bacillus
Spiral = Spirochete
18
Q
- What are the two nutritional modes of prokaryotes?
A
- Autotroph: makes food for themselves
- Heterotroph: consume nutrients from the environment
19
Q
- What are the three types of oxygen metabolism?
A
- Obligate Aerobe: require oxygen
- Facultative: can survive with or without oxygen
- Obligate Anaerobe: Require lack of oxygen
20
Q
- Name seven prokaryotic structures.
A
- Capsule (outer casing)
- Cell wall (rigid structure maintains shape)
- Fimbria (appendage for attaching to surfaces
- Membrane (made of phospholipid bilayer)
- Nucleoid (concentrated area of DNA)
- Pili (extension used for DNA transfer)
- Ribosome (produces proteins)
21
Q
- What are the positive and negitive relationships of prokaryotes?
A
Negative: Pathogenic (causes diseases)
Positive: Protection (protects the body from infection), Mutualism (digest and produce vitamins), Nutrient cycling (decomposers absorb nutrients to produce proteins/oxygen, etc.) food production
22
Q
- What is an Eukaryote?
A
Organisms with: membrane bound organelles, nucleus, and multiple non circular chromosomes. Can be both uni- or multicellular
23
Q
- How does a organism get classified in Kingdom Protista?
A
If they cannot be fit into the Plantae, Animalia or Fungi kingdoms
24
Q
- What are the three general clades for protists?
A
- Animal-like
- Plant-like
- Fungus-like
25
3. Why is there so much variation among protisists?
Scientists use the Kingdom Protista as a dumping ground for organisms who do not fit in any other kingdom.
26
3. Name characteristics of Animal-like Protist.
- Heterotrophic
- Non-Photosynthetic
- Two nuclei: Macronucleus, Micronucleus
Examples: Paramecium, Amoeba, Zooplankton
27
3. Name characteristics of Plant-like Protist.
- Autotrophic
- thick cell wall
Examples: Algae, Kelp, Phytoplankton
28
3. Name characteristics of Fungus-like Protist.
- Decomposer: the heterotrophic feeding of decaying matter
- Reproduces through spores
- Produces Hyphae (branching wires that absorb nutrients)
- What sets them apart from fungi: centrioles, no chitin in cell walls
29
3. Name and describe the four types of movement done by Protists.
1. Rhizopods: protists that use pseudopodia to move slowly. This is done by moving cytoplasm into extensions of their body.
2. Ciliates: short hair-like structures called cilia
3. Flagellates: protists that move using one or more flagella
4. Sporozoa: protists that rely on passive motion.
30
3. Can protists reproduce sexually or asexually?
both, asexual is fast, but sexual creates variation
31
3. What is the Alteration of Generations? Explain through describing protist reproduction.
The process where an organism has haploid and diploid stages in their life.
1. Haploid phase produces gametes through meiosis
2. Gametes fuse to form sporophytes
3. Sporophytes produce haploid spores
4. Spores grow into gametophytes
32
3. Name the positive and negative protist interactions.
Negative: Parasites
Positive: Decomposers, Producers, Food and Medicine production
33
4. What are the characteristics of Fungi?
- Heterotrophic
- Most are multicellular
- Most are aerobic
- Cell wall made of chitin
- Eukaryotic
- Extracellular Digestion: break down food outside of their body by secreting enzymes to break down large molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed
34
4. What makes up the structure a fungus?
1. Fruiting body: reproductive organ, produces spores, usually above ground
2. Mycelium: the “roots” of a fungus, absorbs nutrients, usually below ground
3. Hyphae: thin threads that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi (contains cytoplasm, cell wall and septum)
35
4. Name and picture in your head all of the parts that make up the fungal cell. (15)
1. Ribosome
2. Lysosome
3. Vesicle
4. Smooth ER
5. Rough ER
6. Nucleus
7. Nucleolus
8. Vacuole
9. Peroxisome
10. Golgi Apparatus
11. Septum
12. Mitochondrion
13. Cytoplasm
14. Cell Wall
15. Cell Membrane
36
4. What are the four classifications of mushrooms?
1. Moulds: Many short hyphae and fruiting bodies
2. Mushrooms: large fruiting bodies attached grown on sticks
3. Sac fungi: Many types of fruiting body, classified by spherical spores
4. Yeast: Spherical and Unicellular
37
4. What are the nutritional modes of Fungi? (4.5)
1. Absorption from decaying matter
2. Parasitic relationship; syphon nutrients from living cells
3. Specialized structures to catch pray
4. Mutualism with other organisms (0.5), Mycorrhiza: connections between fungal hyphae and plant roots to allow organisms to share nutrients.
38
4. True or False: fungi can only reproduce asexually?
False you fucking shit head
39
4. TELL ME A LIL' BIT ABOUT SPORES (3)
- Can result in asexual/sexual reproduction
- Survive in extreme conditions; germinate when the time is right
- spores rely on the environment to move
40
4. How does Binary Fission work in fungi?
1. Grow from buds that turn into identical cells
2. cell separation happens, leaving bud scar on daughter cell, and birth scar on parent.
41
4. Name the positive and negative fungi interactions:
Positive:
- Decomposers
- Mutualistic
- Food Production
- Medicine
Negative:
- Parasitic (e.g. ringworm, thrush)
42
5. Describe Kingdom Plante:
eukaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis and rigid cell walls made of cellulose
43
5. Name characteristics of Plants + four examples: (5)
1. Multicellular
2. Sessile
3. Autotrophs
4. Require specific conditions for survival
5. Most grow on land, some aquatic
Examples: Trees, Flowers, Ferns, Mosses
44
5. Name all the important structures for a plant cell: (11)
1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane
3. Chloroplast
4. Mitochondria
5. Vesicle
6. Ribosomes
7. Golgi Apparatus
8. Big Vacuole
9. Rough ER
10. Nucleus
11. Nucleolus
45
5. What did plants evolve from? What 5 things did they need to make the transition from aquatic environments to the surface? What were the resulting characteristics?
Plant-like protists.
1. Methods to prevent against drying out
2. Maximizing sunlight
3. Transport tissues
4. methods to retain moisture
5. Ways to distribute gametes without water
Hard casing an nutrients around embryo, a Waxy Cuticle (layer of surface wax that reduces water loss), and the stomata.
46
5. What are the three (vascular) classifications of Plants? Describe them.
1. Plants with vascular tissue (seeds and spores)
2. Non-vascular plants:
- grow close to ground to get water
- reproduce through spores
- oldest, simplest plants
3. Plants with vascular tissue (spores only)
- with water, grow towards the sun
- reproduction through spores
- rigid cells walls due to lignin
47
5. Name all of the steps of spore reproduction.
1. Spores release and germinate with sufficient moisture. Produces gametophytes.
2. Gametophyte leaves are egg and sperm. Sporophyte is in the female leaf.
3. Fertilization
4. Spores release and the cycle restarts.
48
5. Why are seeds sometimes better than spores?
1. Better protect the embryo
2. pollen gains are protected from dehydration in males
3. Long distance fertilization
49
5. What are the two (sperm) classification of plants? Describe them:
1. Gymnosperm (seed plants)
- conifers
- do not produce seeds in ovary
- female: forms ovulate cones
- male: pollen on cones
2. Angiosperm (flowering plants)
- reproduction through flower and pollen
- pistil: female sex organ
- stamen: male sex organ
- pollinates when pollen hits ovale. pollinators like bees move around pollen
- 2 types of pollination: cross and self
- extra structures:
1. Cotyledon: in embryo, produces nutrients as the plant grows
2. Monocots: 1 Cotyledon
3. Dicots: 2 Cotyledon
50
7. Are viruses living? What are the characteristics of life for viruses?
No.
Living:
- use nucleic acids
- store genetic info
- adapt to changing conditions
Non-living:
- not made of cells
- cannot reproduce by themselves
- do not produce energy or waste
51
7. What are the structures and functions of viruses?
1. Nucleic Acid - DNA/RNA
2. Capsid - Protective coat
3. Envelope - Membrane that originates from the host
52
7. What are the three hypothesis on the origin of viruses?
1. Originated as small infectious cells that lost their cytoplasm and ability to reproduce outside of a host.
2. Originated as “escaped” fragments of DNA or RNA molecules that once formed part of living cells.
3. Viruses are ancient- existed even before cells.
53
7. How are viruses classified?
Genetic material, envelope, size, shape
54
7. How is a virus injected?
Bacteriophages: Viruses that specialize in infecting bacteria.
Has:
Capsid, DNA genome, tail to inject DNA into host bacterial cell.
55
7. Name and describe all of the steps in the reproduction of a virus? (both stages)
Lysogenic:
1. Attachment and entry
2. provirus stage
3. mitosis
4. either repeat or enter the Lytic phase
Lytic:
1. Attachment and entry
2. Provirus stage
3. DNA replication (using host proteins)
4. Fabrication
5. Assembly
6. Lysis
7. Repeat
56
7. Are viruses caused by bacteria? What drugs work against them, and what do these drugs do?
No.
Anti-viral drugs:
- Block receptors
- Boost immune system
- Lower viral load in the body (amount of active viruses)
57
7. How can viruses be spread?
Bites, fluids, direct contact, airborne
58
7. What are vaccines? What viruses have they erased? What are some challenges?
Vaccines are mixtures including a weakened form of the virus. They create a chemical memory which the cell remembers when it encounters a virus, triggering an immune response. Erased polio, smallpox, HPV. Some viruses don't have vaccines and viruses change constantly.
59
7. What are some other non-living genetic particles?
1. Viroid's: small infectious particles mad of RNA.
- infect mostly plants
- smaller than viruses
2. Prions: small infectious proteins that causes damage to nerve cells
- can cause other misfolded proteins to turn into prions.
