Psychology Grade 11 Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
- What is the psychoanalytic theory? When was it developed?
A
- Sigmund Freud invented this theory
- all human behavior is influenced by childhood experiences
- developed in early 20th century
2
Q
- “Psychology attempts to understand __________, and the human behaviors that result from their functioning.”
A
brain
3
Q
- To Freud, what was the key way to fully understand human behavior?
A
By unlocking the unconscious mind
4
Q
- What is the psychodynamic theory? When was it developed?
A
- an approach psychotherapy that resolves a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious
- developed in the 1890’s
5
Q
- What is the conscious mind?
A
- information we are aware of
- mind thinks when taking in new information
6
Q
- What is the unconscious mind?
A
- information we are not aware of
- holds unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories (according to Freud)
- holds patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all (according to Jung)
7
Q
- What is the Id, Ego, and Superego?
A
- Developed by Freud
Id: Instinctual part mind which operates on the pleasure principle (seek pleasure, avoid pain)
Ego: Ration part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle (control of the Id’s pleasure principle to adhere to the real world)
Superego: The moral center of the mind (conscience like cricket)
8
Q
- Classify Id, Ego and Superego into unconscious and conscious mind (according to how Freud viewed it)
A
Unconscious - Id (viewed as unconscious since it always works in the shadows, in the incomprehensive part of the mind)
Conscious and unconscious - Ego and Superego
9
Q
- What are defense mechanisms?
A
Defense mechanisms are the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with difficulty and anxiety
10
Q
- What is Repression?
A
Repression is the mental process of excluding unacceptable human desires or impulses from consciousness to unconsciousness
11
Q
- What is Denial?
A
- one of the most common defense mechanisms
- an individual refuses to recognize a painful or unpleasant thing
12
Q
- What is Projection?
A
When someone blames others for their own mistakes
13
Q
- What is Free Association?
A
method used in psychology where a patient says whatever comes to mind
14
Q
- Who is Carl Jung in relation to Sigmund Freud? How were their opinions similar and different?
A
- Freud’s students
- Grew to disagree with many of Freud’s theories - particularly Freud’s theory on the origin of human behavior
- Agreed that humans have both a conscious and unconscious state of mind
15
Q
- What is Analytical Psychology?
A
- The branch of psychology founded by Jung
- balancing a persons psyche would allow the individual to reach their full potential
16
Q
- Collective unconscious vs Personal unconscious:
A
Jung believed that:
- We all have a personal, unique unconscious
- We all share a collective unconscious, with memories from our ancestors.
17
Q
- What are Archetypes?
A
- manifestations of the collective unconscious
- manifestations include: symbols, situations, behaviors, and universal motifs derived from early ancestors
- infinitely reoccurring
18
Q
- What are the four humors?
A
Ancient Greek philosophers believed that each individual had a different amount of fluid in their bodies the dictates their temperament.
19
Q
- Name all of the four humors, and their attributes:
A
- Sanguine: blood, produced by liver, air element, hot and moist, red-cheeked people, generous
- Choleric: yellow bile, produced by spleen, fire, hot and dry, red-haired, violent
- Phlegmatic: phlegm, produced by lungs, water, cold and moist, fat, sluggish
- Melancholic: black bile, gall bladder, earth, cold and dry, thin, introspective
20
Q
- Carl Jung’s two basic “functions” were:
A
- How we take in information
- How we make decisions
Logic or intuition
21
Q
- What is the most used of function a person has:
A
The dominant function. Introverted and Extraverted
22
Q
- What are psychometrics?
A
An area of study that uses questionnaires to measure personality, ability, and knowledge
23
Q
- Who was Abraham Maslow?
A
- One of the founders of humanist psychology
- Studied well people
- sought to discover what motivated humans to reach their full potential
24
Q
- What are the 5 layers of Maslow’s hierarchy of need’s?
A
Physiological: sleep, food, water
Safety/Security: shelter, job security, health, safe environments
Belonging/Love: family, friends, intimate connection
Esteem: Mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others
Self-Actualization: realizing full potential, personal growth, peak experiences
25
6. Describe the setting of the Stanford Prison Experiment:
Time: 1971
Important name: Philip Zimbardo
The situation: volunteer college students role-played prisoner and guards, to test the power of a social situation to determine behavior.
Ran for: 6 days, supposed to be 2 weeks
26
6. What happened to the participants of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Due to the affects of situational power, participants values, behaviors, and attitudes rapidly changed to fit the roles they were assigned.
27
6. Who was Stanley Milgram? What experiment did he conduct?
Social psychologist who conducted one of the first social experiments that measured how a large sample size of ordinary people would follow orders of a corrupt authority blindly. This was done by giving orders to participants to shock a "victim" electrically without actually seeing the victim themself.
28
6. Describe the difference between "bad apples" and "bad barrels" What is the importance of these two terms?
Bad Apples: Unjust people found in prison
Bad Barrel: The institution "unjust" people are sent to
Are people born Bad Apples, or is Badness thrust upon them (through institutions that indicate roles for people to fall into).
29
7. What is Cognitive Psychology?
Cognitive Psychology is studying how the brain processes information (perception, attention, language, memory, thinking and consciousness).
In the mid-1950's, the psychology field changed from the study of conditioned behavior towards understanding human information processing.
30
7. Who is Jean Piaget?
- Born late 19th century in Switzerland
- Developed the four stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor Stage (0–2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and actions; they develop object permanence.
Preoperational Stage (2–7 years): Children use symbols and language, but thinking is egocentric and lacks logical reasoning.
Concrete Operational Stage (7–11 years): Logical thinking develops; children understand conservation and can classify objects.
Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical thinking emerges; problem-solving becomes more systematic.
31
7. Who is Albert Bandura?
- Born in the early 20th century, Canadian-American psychologist
- Social Learning Theory: people learn by modeling others
32
7. Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
- Born in the mid 20th century, American Psychologist
- Created the terms False memory and Misinformation effect:
1. Misinformation Effect: distortions of memory occur after misleading information is presented post the event
2. False Memories: Recollection of events that never happened
33
7. What is Developmental Psychology?
Psychological approach that aims to explain psychological growth, change and consistency throughout the human lifespan.
Childhood has most development, expanded to old people too tho
34
7. Explain the difference between Normative and Idiographic Development.
Normative Development: typical patterns of change
Idiographic Development: individual variations in patterns of change
35
8. What is Perceptual Psychology?
- highlights the differences in which people see reality
- Individuals literally have differently wired brains, due to differences in perception
- illusions illustrate the differences in perception among individuals
- differing amount of gray matter in the brain
36
8. What is Perceptual Consisitancy?
Many humans perceive things the same way always. (sun rising, trains moving)
37
8. What are Perceptual Sets?
a temporary readiness to perceive certain objects or events rather than others. For example, a person driving a car has a perceptual set to identify anything in the car or on the road that might affect their safety
38
5. What is Humanist Psychology?
Humanist Psychology is the school of thought centered around finding purpose and achieving your true potential.
39
9. Who is B.F. Skinner?
- American Psychologist born in the early 20th century
- invented the Radical Behaviorism school of thought
40
9. What is behaviorism? What is Radical Behaviorism? What is Skinners Box?
Behaviorism: Created by john B. Watson, believed that behavior could be measured, trained and changed
Radical Behaviorism: Created by B.F. Skinner, belief that human behavior changes when rewarded. Was proven with "Skinners Box," a box made for an animal that was rewarded when doing something right with a treat, and shock if doing something wrong. These actions were then tracked with another one of skinners inventions, the cumulative recorder, which had a sloped line that measured response rate. Eventually it was found that higher response rate was linked to getting rewards, and lower was linked to lack of rewards, eventually showing that behavior is determined by the individuals perception of the results, in other words operant behavior.
41
10. In general, explain anxiety disorders.
Different people perceive things differently based on how we think and react to certain situations. Some may perceive some situations to be more scary than they actually are, or fear what will happen if they do not adhere to a certain ritual.
42
10. What two medical conditions can cause anxiety? What other factors may impact it?
1. Thyroid Problems
2. Anemia
Other factors:
- brain chemistry
- caffeine
- alcohol
- certain medications
- traumatic life events
43
10. What is OCD?
persistent intrusive ideas and thoughts, impulses, or obsessions, which result in preforming compulsive rituals over and over again. rituals give people with OCD temporary relief
44
10. What are Phobias and Panic Disorders?
Fears of certain things
45
10. What is post-traumatic stress disorder?
PTSD is characterized by reliving a psychologically traumatic situation, through flashbacks and nightmares.
46
11. What is Psychosis?
Psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by feelings and emotions that indicate an individual has lost touch with reality. Hallucinations (paranoid, somatic, or grandiose) and Delusions are common
Causes: parkinsions, huntingsons, brain tumors
47
11. What are Psychotic Disorders?
Severe mental disorders characterized by psychotic break from reality. triggered by stress, alcohol, drug use, injury, illness
48
11. What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).
49
11. What is Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It often involves a loss of touch with reality
50
11. What is Psychopathology?
- derives from the greek word "psyche" meaning 'soul' and 'pathos' meaning suffering
- means the origin of mental disorders including psychosis
51
12. What is Clinical Depression?
Clinical depression is a medical disorder that affects millions. Causes persistent negitive change in peoples mood. People with it often feel down on themselves, hopeless, complain about physical pain (with no cause)
52
12. Name all the types of clinical depression:
Major Depression: Always depressed
Manic Depression: Alternating cycles of depression
Dysthymia: Low grade depression, things feel generally hopeless, life doesn't feel good even when it should
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Depression that relates to the season of the year. Darker places have light therapy clinics since its such a huge problem.
53
12. What are the causes of clinical depression?
- Complex interactions between brain chemicals
- biochemical and physiological makeup
- prolonged stress
- traumatic life crises
- sometimes no identifiable cause
54
Who is Sigmund Freud? What theories did he develop?
- born mid 19th century czechia
- developed:
1. Structure of the mind
2. dream analysis (dreams are meant to live through repressed desires)
3. Defense Mechanisms
4. Theory of unconscious mind
55
Who is Carl Jung? What theories did he develop?
- born late 19th century, Switzerland
- developed:
1. dream analysis (dreams balance id and ego + unresolved conflicts that cannot be resolved by conscious mind)
2. Archetypes
3. Collective unconcious
56
Who is Ivan Pavlov? What theory did he develop?
- born mid 19th century, Russia
- developed classical conditioning meaning neutral stimulus becomes paired with natural stimulus, and this response becomes conditioned into a person. this is why does salivate when smelling good food
57
Who is Viktor Frankl? What theory did he develop?
- born early 20th century, Austria
- Developed logotherapy, why humans experience motivation and the will to find meaning
58
Who is Carl Rogers? What theory did he develop?
- born early 20th century, united states
- Developed theory of self actualization, people need growth, people need love, PHYSCOLOGICAL PROLEMS APPEAR WHEN REAL SELF DIFFERS FROM IDEAL SELF (SO TRUE CARL MY BBG)
59
Who is Erik Erikson? What theory did he develop?
- born early 20th century, germany
- Developed: Psychological stages, psychological crises
60
Who is Leta Stetter Hollingworth? What theory did she develop?
- born early 19th century, untied states
- feminist psychology
61
Who is Harry Harlow? What theory did he develop?
- born early 20th century, united states
- the importance of love and comfort. experimented with rhesus monkeys with isolation from loved ones to see results.
62
Who is Mary Ainsworth? What theory did she develop?
- born early 20th century
- strange situation
