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Bio189 > Bio Ch 1-4 Vocab > Flashcards

Bio Ch 1-4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

species

A

unique type of organism. defined by genus and specific epithet

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2
Q

biology

A

the scientific study of life

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3
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of matter

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4
Q

molecules

A

consists of atoms that are bonded together

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5
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of life

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6
Q

organisms

A

individual consisting of one or more cells

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7
Q

tissues

A

consists of specific types of cells organized in a particular pattern

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8
Q

organs

A

a structure composed of tissues that carry out a task or set of tasks

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9
Q

organ systems

A

set of interacting organs and tissues that fulfill one or more body functions

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10
Q

population

A

group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in a given area

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11
Q

community

A

consists of all populations of all species in a given area

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12
Q

ecosystem

A

a community interacting with its physical and chemical environment through the transfer of energy and materials

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13
Q

biosphere

A

sum of all ecosystems, encompasses all regions of Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organisms live

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14
Q

nutrients

A

a substance an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make for itself

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15
Q

producers

A

makes its own food using energy and simple raw materials it obtains from nonbiological sources

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16
Q

photosynthesis

A

process in which plants use energy of sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water

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17
Q

consumers

A

obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms`

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18
Q

homeostasis

A

process of sensing and adjusting to change to keep conditions within internal environment within ranges of cell survival

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19
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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20
Q

development

A

process by which the first cell of a new individual gives rise to an adult

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21
Q

growth

A

increase in cell number, size, and volume

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22
Q

reproduction

A

processes by which individuals produce offspring

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23
Q

inheritance

A

transmission of DNA to offspring

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24
Q

bacteria

A

largest, most diverse and well-known group of prokaryotes

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25
Q

archaea

A

group of prokaryotes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria

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26
Q

prokaryotes

A

organisms with no nucleus

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27
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cell characteristics have a nucleus

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28
Q

protists

A

general term for a eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

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29
Q

plants

A

multicelled eukaryotes
-majority are photosynthetic producers

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30
Q

fungi

A

single or multicelled eukaryotic consumer
-breaks down material outside itself. then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown

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31
Q

animals

A

multicelled eukaryotic consumer made up of unwalled cells and develops through series of stages

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32
Q

taxonomy

A

practice of naming, describing and classifying species

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33
Q

genus

A

a group of species that share a unique set of traits

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34
Q

traits

A

inherited characteristics

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35
Q

taxa

A

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

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36
Q

critical thinking

A

the act of evaluating information before accepting it

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37
Q

science

A

systematic study of the observable world

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38
Q

hypothesis

A

testable explanation for a natural phenomenon

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39
Q

prediction

A

statement about a condition that should reasonably occur if the hypothesis is correct

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40
Q

experiment

A

procedure designed to evaluate a prediction; typically yields data

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41
Q

variables

A

experimental factor that varies

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42
Q

data

A

factual information collected from experiments or observations of the natural world

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43
Q

experimental group

A

a group of individuals who have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment

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44
Q

control group

A

group identical to experimental group except for the variable under investigation

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45
Q

model

A

analogous system in an experiment; tested in place of another subject

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46
Q

scientific method

A

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

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47
Q

sampling error

A

difference between results obtained from a subset, and results obtained from the whole

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48
Q

probability

A

the measure, expressed as a percentage, of the chance that a particular outcome will occur

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49
Q

statistically significant

A

a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance alone

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50
Q

scientific theory

A

a hypothesis that stands after many years of systematic testing

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51
Q

law of nature

A

a consistent natural phenomenon that has an incomplete scientific explanation

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52
Q

pseudoscience

A

claims, arguments, or methods that are presented as science, but do not follow scientific principles

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53
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged subatomic particles

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54
Q

nucleus

A

central core of every atom

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55
Q

protons

A

positively charged subatomic particles

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56
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged subatomic particles

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57
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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58
Q

element

A

pure substances that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons

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59
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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60
Q

mass number (atomic mass)

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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61
Q

tracers

A

any substance with a detectable component - such as a radioisotope

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62
Q

radioisotopes

A

an isotope with an unstable nucleus

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63
Q

radioactive decay

A

process in which a nucleus breaks up and emits radiation

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64
Q

shell model

A

conceptual diagram of electron distribution in an atom

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65
Q

ion

A

atom or molecule that carries a net charge

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66
Q

free radical

A

atom with an unpaired electron

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67
Q

chemical bonds

A

strong attractive force between two atoms

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68
Q

compound

A

molecule that has atoms of more than one element

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69
Q

ionic bond

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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70
Q

polarity

A

separation of charge into positive and negative regions

71
Q

covalent bond

A

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

72
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

an attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

73
Q

cohesion

A

property in which the molecules of a substance resist separating from one another

74
Q

temperature

A

measure of molecular motion

75
Q

solvent

A

liquid in which other substances dissolve

76
Q

salts

A

ionic compounds that release ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water

77
Q

solutes

A

a dissolved substance

78
Q

solution

A

uniform mixture of solute completely dissolved in solvent

79
Q

concentration

A

amount of solute per unit volume of solution

80
Q

hydrophilic

A

a substance that dissolves easily in water

81
Q

hydrophobic

A

a substance that resists dissolving in water

82
Q

evaporation

A

transition of a liquid to a vapor

83
Q

pH

A

measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a fluid

84
Q

acids

A

substance that releases hydrogen ions in water

85
Q

bases

A

substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water

86
Q

buffer

A

set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH

87
Q

organic

A

describes a compound that consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

88
Q

polymers

A

molecule that consists of multiple monomers

89
Q

monomers

A

molecule that is a subunit of polymers

90
Q

enzymes

A

organic molecule (protein or RNA) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it

91
Q

reactions

A

process of molecular change

92
Q

metabolism

A

collective term for all of the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in a cell

93
Q

carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1.

94
Q

cellulose

A

tough, insoluble polysaccharide that is the major structural material in plants

95
Q

lipids

A

fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound

96
Q

fatty acid

A

a small organic molecule that consists of a long hydrocarbon ‘tail’ with a carboxyl group ‘head’

97
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid with only single bonds linking the carbons in its tail

98
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid that has at least one double bond between carbons making up its tail

99
Q

fat

A

a triglyceride molecule

100
Q

triglyceride

A

a lipid with three fatty acid tails bonded to a glycerol

101
Q

saturated fat

A

a triglyceride with three saturated fatty acids tails

102
Q

unsaturated fat

A

triglycerides with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails

103
Q

lipid bilayer

A

two layered sheet of phospholipids

104
Q

phospholipids

A

type of lipid with two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group in it

105
Q

steroids

A

a type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

106
Q

waxes

A

water-repellent substance that consists of a complex, varying mixture of lipids

107
Q

peptides

A

short chains of amino acids

108
Q

polypeptides

A

linear sequence of amino acids

109
Q

amino acids

A

small organic compound with an amine group, a carboxyl group, and an ‘R group’ that defines the type

110
Q

peptide bonds

A

the covalent bond that links amino acids in a chain

111
Q

protein

A

organic molecule that consists of one or more amino acid chains folded into a specific shape

112
Q

denaturation

A

loss of a protein’s three-dimensional shape

113
Q

prion

A

infectious protein

114
Q

nucleotides

A

small organic molecules that function as enzyme helpers, chemical messengers and subunits of DNA and RNA

115
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

116
Q

nucleic acids

A

molecule that consists of one or more strands of nucleotides; DNA or RNA

117
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

118
Q

plasma membrane

A

membrane that encloses a cell and separates it from the external environment

119
Q

cytosol

A

jelly-like mixture of water and solutes enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane

120
Q

ribosomes

A

organelles that carry out protein synthesis

121
Q

organelle

A

structures that carry out special functions inside a cell

122
Q

cytoplasm

A

in eukaryotic cells, all cellular contents outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cells’ contents

123
Q

surface-to-volume ratio

A

A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square.

124
Q

cell theory

A

Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life; all cells come from division of preexisting cells; and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring.

125
Q

fluid mosaic

A

model of a cell membrane as a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition

126
Q

transport proteins

A

membrane protein that passively or actively helps specific ions or molecules move across the membrane

127
Q

receptor proteins

A

membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity in response to a stimulus such as a hormone binding to it

128
Q

adhesion proteins

A

plasma membrane protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues

129
Q

flagella

A

long, slender cellular structure used for movement

130
Q

pili

A

A protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells.

131
Q

cell wall

A

rigid, permeable layer of extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells

132
Q

biofilm

A

community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of secreted slime

133
Q

nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross.

134
Q

mitochondria

A

double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes

135
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelles specialized for photosynthesis

136
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane enclosed organelle that consists of a continuous system of sacs and tubes extending from the nuclear envelope.

137
Q

rough er

A

makes and modifies proteins

138
Q

smooth er

A

makes phospholipids, stores calcium

139
Q

vesicles

A

saclike organelle that stores, transports, or breaks down its contents

140
Q

Golgi body (also Golgi apparatus)

A

organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids, then sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles

141
Q

lysosomes

A

enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down particles such as cellular debris

142
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments that support, organize and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures

143
Q

motor proteins

A

Type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell’s parts or the whole cell.

144
Q

microfilaments

A

cytoskeletal element of eukaryotes that reinforces cell membranes and functions in cell movement

145
Q

microtubules

A

cytoskeletal element of eukaryotes that forms a dynamic scaffolding for my cellular processes involving movement

146
Q

pseudopods

A

a temporary protrusion from a eukaryotic cell that helps it move or engulf prey

147
Q

cilia

A

short, hairlike motile structures that project from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells

148
Q

intermediate filaments

A

stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissues of animals and some protists

149
Q

extracellular matrix

A

complex mixture of substances secreted by a cell onto its surface; composition and function vary by cell type

150
Q

cuticle

A

secreted covering at a body surface

151
Q

cell junctions

A

molecular assemblies that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix

152
Q

phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris.

153
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

154
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

155
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

energy tends to disperse spontaneously

156
Q

reactants

A

molecules that enter the reaction and become changed by it

157
Q

products

A

molecules that are produced by the reaction

158
Q

substrate

A

specific molecule that can bind to the enzyme’s active site and be converted to a product

159
Q

active site

A

pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs

160
Q

cofactors

A

metal ion or small non-protein organic molecule that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function

161
Q

coenzymes

A

an organic cofactor

162
Q

phosphorylations

A

chemical reaction in which an enzyme attaches a phosphate group to an organic molecule

163
Q

metabolic pathway

A

series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule

164
Q

feedback inhibition

A

regulatory mechanism in which a reaction product slows or stops a pathway that produces it

165
Q

electron transfer chains

A

series of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in turn, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps

166
Q

diffusion

A

the spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas

167
Q

hypotonic

A

a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration relative to another fluid

168
Q

hypertonic

A

a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration relative to another fluid

169
Q

isotonic

A

two fluids with identical solute concentrations

170
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

171
Q

turgor pressure

A

Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it

172
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which a cell expels a vesicle’s contents to extracellular fluid

173
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid (and its contents) by the ballooning inward of the plasma membrane

Bio189 (4 decks)

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