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Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the components of aerobic respiration (equation)

A

glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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2
Q

Identify the location of Glycolysis.

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis? What is the ATP yield?

A

Glucose —> 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates

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4
Q

Identify the location of Acetyl CoA.

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA formation? What is the ATP yield?

A

Acetyl coa + oxaloacetate forms citrate
Releases 2 CO2, produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

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6
Q

Identify the location of Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)

A

matrix of the mitochondiria

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7
Q

What are the reactants and products of Citric Acid cycle(Kreb’s Cycle)? What is the ATP yield?

A

atp yield: 2

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8
Q

Identify the location of Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport)

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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9
Q

What are the reactants and products of Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport
Chain)? What is the ATP yield?

A

hydrogen ions, oxygen, NADH, FADH2
p: water and atp
atp yield: 36

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10
Q

Describe the pathway for the H+ ions and electrons during oxidative
phosphorylation. What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Coenzymes deliver electrons and hydrogen ions to an electron transfer chain

Molecules harness energy of electrons to transport H+ ions across the mitochondria inner membrane
Oxygen (O2) accepts electrons at the end

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11
Q

What powers ATP synthase?

A

H+ ions flowing across the mitochondrial inner membrane

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12
Q

Describe ATP formation in terms of fermentation

A

Fermentation happens in anaerobic conditions (i.e.,without oxygen). Fermentation begins with glycolysis which breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces two ATP (net) and two NADH

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13
Q

Why does fermentation of glucose yield less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A

because fermentation does not result in the complete oxidation of glucose.

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14
Q

Understand the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation types:

A
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15
Q

What are the reactants and products of Lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvate, NADH and a proton.
lactate and NAD+

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16
Q

What are the reactants and products of Alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvic acid and NADH.
alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+.

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17
Q

What is Erwin Chargaff’s rules for base pairing? How do we calculate DNA nucleotide composition?

A

The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C

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18
Q

What did Watson and Crick develop?

A

double helix/ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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19
Q

What was Rosalind Franklin’s major contribution?

A

Photo 51 revealed the double helix of DNA

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20
Q

What did Hershey & Chase contribute to the discovery of DNA?

A

able to demonstrate that DNA was transferred from bacteriophages to bacteria, a discovery that confirmed DNA as the bearer of genetic information.

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21
Q

What are sister chromatids? How are they organized within the chromosome?

A

The two identical chromosomes that result from DNA replication

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22
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

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23
Q

What are histones?

A

Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

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24
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide? Which component differentiates each nucleotide?

A

sugar molecule (either ribose or deoxyribose (RNA or DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

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25
What is base pairing? What are the nucleotide bases? How are the bases different between RNA and DNA?
adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine
26
What type of bond hold the DNA base pairs together?
hydrogen bonds
27
How can the sequence of bases contribute to the diversity among species?
28
What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? What is the chromosome number and arrangement for the average human male and/or the human female?
Autosomes: chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females Sex chromosomes: chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; differs between males and females 22/23 of chromosomes are autosomes in a human body cell
29
What does it mean to be a diploid cell? What is a haploid cell?
diploid - has two of each type of chromosome characteristic (2n) haploid - has one of each type of chromosome characteristic
30
What is a Karyotype? What kind of information can be inferred from a karyotype?
Image of an individual's complete set of chromosomes arranged by size, length , shape, and centromere location Persons sex and chromosomal disorders
31
What are the functions of the enzymes for DNA replication (Helicase, Ligase, DNA polymerase, Primer)?
helicase: unwinds DNA primase adds primers dna polymerase makes new strands of dna ligase fills in gaps
32
What is the semiconservative model?
Produces two copies that contained one of the original strands and one new strand
33
What are the steps of DNA replication? What is the result of DNA replication?
① Helicase unwinds DNA ② primase adds primers ③ DNA polymerase makes new strands of DNA ④ ligase fills in gaps Two DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides
34
What would a DNA strand look like as RNA after transcription?
35
What is a mutation? What causes nucleotide dimers?
Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. UV radiation
36
What is a gene? What is gene expression and what are the steps involved with gene expression?
A unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis in DNA. Multistep process of converting information in a gene into an RNA or protein product. > transcription+ translation
37
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in form and function
DNA: responsible for storing + transferring genetic information, double stranded, deoxyribose RNA: directly codes for amino acids and acts as messenger between DNA + ribosomes, single stranded, ribose
38
What is DNA transcription? How does it differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
The process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of mRNA. Euk: takes place in nucleus, proteins needed prok: takes place in cytoplasm
39
Understand the stages of transcription and the components
stages: 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination components: 1) RNA Polymerase 2) Promoter 3) Transcription unit
40
Alternative splicing
Rearrange exons and splice together in different combinations. Allows one gene to encode multiple versions of a protein
41
Introns and Exons
introns stay exons leave
42
DNA codons
Three nucleotide unit of information in an mRNA
43
What is DNA translation? How do each of the components work together to translate the mRNA?
Process of translating sequence of mRNA to a sequence of amounts
44
Functions of mRNA
messenger - carries copies of genetic instructions to the rest of the cell.
45
Functions of tRNA
transfer - to bring the amino acids and place them in the correct potsition to create the desired protein
46
Functions of rNA
direct the production of proteins
47
How does the genetic code work in translation?
The genetic code is read three "letter" at a time, so that each "word" is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid
48
How can mutations be beneficial?
if it allows an organism to survive in a changing environment
49
How do environmental factors affect gene expression in offspring?
the production of skin pigmentation during exposure to sunlight in humans, for example
50
What are some of the benefits of using cell lines to study human diseases?
possibility of curing diseases
51
Compare and contrast cytoplasmic division in plants and animals.
plants: cell wall forms in between the daughter cells animals: cleavage furrow forms - pinches cell in half
52
Microtubules
help chromosomes split during metaphase
53
Describe what happens at each of the Cell Cycle Checkpoints
g1: cell contents duplicated S: each of 46 chromosomes duplicated g2: cell double checks dupicated chromosomes for errors
54
How does Mitosis maintain the chromosome number?
it divides one cell's genetic material into two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as its original parent cell
55
What is the role of Mitosis in the human body?
growth/development
56
Compare and contrast Meiosis and Mitosis in process and resulting daughter cells
The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical, whereas the daughter cells produced by meiosis are different because crossing over has occurred. The events that occur in meiosis but not mitosis include homologous chromosomes pairing up, crossing over, and lining up along the metaphase plate in tetrads.
57
What is the purpose of crossing over and when does it occur?
allows the mixture of maternal and paternal genetic material with new, recombinant chromosomes. occurs during prophase I in meiosis
58
What are Homologous chromosomes What is their relationship to alleles?
Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position-banding, and centromere location. similar but not identical. carries same genes in same order, but alleles for each trait may be different
59
identify the processes that are involved in each stage of Mitosis. What is happening at each stage?
prophase: chromsomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears metpahse: lines them up in the middle anaphase: sister chromatids pull apart telophase:
60
What are gametes and how are they produced?
sperm/egg cells, meiosis
61
Define and/or know the characteristics of the following: metastasis, malignant cells, tumors & oncogenes.
62
Identify the differences between gametes and somatic cells and their functions
gametes - sex cells somatic - body cells
63
Understand the effects of X-linked disorders.
Females usually carriers - males suffer from disorder as they only have a single copy of the X chromosome
64
Explain Gregor Mendel’s contribution to the study of inheritance
65
Homozygous and heterozygous genotype
66
Dominant and Recessive alleles
67
What are genotypes and phenotypes? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
68
How does a monohybrid cross reveal dominant-recessive relationships between alleles?
69
Compare and contrast codominance and incomplete dominance
70
ABO blood groups
71
Examples of polygenic and pleiotropic inheritance
72
Skin color
73
Height
74
Sickle Cell Disease
75
“Nature vs. Nurture”
76
Examples of environmental factors
77
Causes of continuous variation
78
How are pedigrees used to study human inheritance patterns?
79
The effects of nondisjunction
80
Polyploidy vs. aneuploidy
81
Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns
82
Achondroplasia inheritance
83
Klinefelter Syndrome
84
Turner Syndrome
85
Down Syndrome
86
Explain why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in men than in women.
87
Color-blindness inheritance
88
identify the processes that are involved in each stage of meiosis What is happening at each stage?
89
frameshift mutation
the addition or deletion of 1 nucleotide base resulting in a shift of the entire chain from that point on
90
missense mutation
Results in a different amino acid in the protein
91
nonsense mutation
involves base substitution that causes stop codon to form somewhere in mRNA
92
silent mutation
a single nucleotide base is changed, but that change does not effect the amino acid sequence

Bio189 (5 decks)

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