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Bio189 > Ch 6 - 10 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch 6 - 10 Vocab Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

aerobic

A

involving or requiring the presence of oxygen

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2
Q

aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen-requiring cellular respiration. Includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation.

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3
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

Fermentation pathway that produces ATP, ethanol, and CO2.

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4
Q

anaerobic

A

Occurring in (or requiring) the absence of oxygen.

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5
Q

cellular respiration

A

Any of several pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.

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6
Q

citric acid cycle

A

Also called the Krebs cycle. Cyclic pathway that dismantles acetyl-CoA to produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

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7
Q

fermentation

A

Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.

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8
Q

glycolysis

A

Set of reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH. First part of fermentation and aerobic respiration.

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9
Q

lactate fermentation

A

Fermentation pathway that produces ATP and lactate

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10
Q

autosomes

A

A chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females; a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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11
Q

centromere

A

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

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12
Q

chromosome number

A

The total number of chromosomes in a cell of a given species.

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

Structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information.

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14
Q

clones

A

Genetically identical copy of an organism.

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15
Q

differentiation

A

Process in which cells become specialized during development; occurs as different cell lineages begin to use different subsets of their DNA

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16
Q

diploid

A
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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that carries out DNA synthesis during DNA replication; uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.

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19
Q

DNA sequence

A

Method of determining DNA sequence

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20
Q

histones

A

Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

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21
Q

karyotype

A

Image of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.

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22
Q

mutation

A

Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. See base-pair substitution, deletion, insertion

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23
Q

primer

A

Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase

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24
Q

sex chromosomes

A

Chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.

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25
sister chromatids
Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, the two identical DNA molecules attached to one another at the centromere.
26
anticodon
In a tRNA, set of three nucleotides that base-pairs with an mRNA codon.
27
base-pair substitution
Type of mutation in which a single base pair changes.
28
codons
Three-nucleotide unit of information in an mRNA; the order of the three bases determines the instruction. Most specify particular amino acids.
29
deletion
Type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are lost from DNA.
30
epigenetic
Refers to potentially heritable modifications to DNA that affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
31
exons
Gene segment that remains in an RNA after post-transcriptional modification.
32
gene expression
Multistep process of converting information in a gene into an RNA or protein product. See transcription, translation.
33
genes
Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA; encodes an RNA or protein product.
34
genetic code
Complete set of sixty-four codons.
35
insertion
Type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are inserted into DNA.
36
introns
Gene segment that intervenes between exons and is removed from a new RNA during post-transcriptional modification.
37
knockout
Technique of introducing a mutation that disables expression of a gene in an organism.
38
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that carries protein-building instructions.
39
promoter
In DNA, special sequence of nucleotide bases that functions as a binding site for RNA polymerase; site where transcription begins.
40
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA component of ribosomes.
41
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that carries out transcription (RNA synthesis).
42
transcription
RNA synthesis; process in which a gene is copied into RNA form.
43
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome during translation.
44
translation
Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled according to the protein-building information in an mRNA.
45
alleles
Forms of a gene with slightly different DNA sequences; may encode slightly different versions of the gene's product.
46
anaphase
Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite spindle poles.
47
asexual reproduction
Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from a single parent only.
48
cancer
Group of diseases characterized by malignant cells (abnormally dividing cells that can migrate to other body tissues).
49
cell cycle
The collective series of intervals and events of a eukaryotic cell's life, from the time it forms until it divides.
50
cleavage furrow
In a dividing animal cell, the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur.
51
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments during prophase I of meiosis.
52
gametes
Mature, haploid reproductive cell; e.g., an egg or a sperm.
53
haploid
Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.
54
homologous chromosomes
In a cell nucleus, chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and set of genes.
55
interphase
In a eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval between divisions during which the cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA.
56
meiosis
Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number for forthcoming gametes. Basis of sexual reproduction. (makes me)
57
metaphase
Stage of mitosis at which all chromosomes are aligned midway between spindle poles. line up
58
metastasis
The process in which cells of a malignant tumor spread from one part of the body to another.
59
mitosis
Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number. Basis of body growth and tissue repair in multi celled eukaryotes; also asexual reproduction in some eukaryotes. Occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
60
oncogene
Gene that can transform a normal cell into a tumor cell. Carries a mutation that results in the inappropriate stimulation of mitosis.
61
prophase
Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and become attached to a newly forming spindle.
62
sexual reproduction
Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both.
63
spindle
Temporary structure that moves chromosomes during nuclear division; consists of microtubules that elongate from two spindle poles.
64
telophase
Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and become enclosed by a new nuclear envelope.
65
tumor
A mass of abnormally dividing cells in a tissue.
66
zygote
Diploid cell that forms when two gametes fuse; the first cell of a new individual.
67
aneuploidy
Condition of having too many or two few copies of a particular chromosome.
68
codominance
Inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals.
69
dihybrid cross
Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for alleles of two genes; e.g., AaBb X AaBb.
70
monohybrid cross
Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for alleles of one gene; for example Aa X Aa.
71
dominant
Refers to an allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele on the homologous chromosome. Also used to describe a trait associated with a dominant allele.
72
genotype
The particular set of alleles that occurs in an individual’s chromosomes.
73
heterozygous
Describes a genotype in which homologous chromosomes have different alleles of a gene.
74
homozygous
Describes a genotype in which homologous chromosomes have the same allele of a gene.
75
nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during mitosis or meiosis.
76
pedigrees
Chart that marks the appearance of a phenotype through generations of a family tree.
77
phenotype
An individual’s observable traits.
78
incomplete dominance
Inheritance pattern in which one allele is not fully dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate blend between the two homozygous phenotypes.
79
pleiotropy
Inheritance pattern in which a single gene affects multiple traits.
80
polygenic inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes affect one trait.
81
polyploidy
Condition of having three or more of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.
82
Punnett square
Diagram used to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of a cross.
83
recessive
Refers to an allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele on the homologous chromosome. Also used to describe a trait associated with a recessive allele.
84
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
Reproductive cloning method in which the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the DNA of a donor’s body cell.

Bio189 (5 decks)

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