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Bio189 > Ch 6 - 10 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch 6 - 10 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

aerobic

A

involving or requiring the presence of oxygen

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2
Q

aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen-requiring cellular respiration. Includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation.

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3
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

Fermentation pathway that produces ATP, ethanol, and CO2.

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4
Q

anaerobic

A

Occurring in (or requiring) the absence of oxygen.

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5
Q

cellular respiration

A

Any of several pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.

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6
Q

citric acid cycle

A

Also called the Krebs cycle. Cyclic pathway that dismantles acetyl-CoA to produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

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7
Q

fermentation

A

Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.

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8
Q

glycolysis

A

Set of reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH. First part of fermentation and aerobic respiration.

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9
Q

lactate fermentation

A

Fermentation pathway that produces ATP and lactate

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10
Q

autosomes

A

A chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females; a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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11
Q

centromere

A

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

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12
Q

chromosome number

A

The total number of chromosomes in a cell of a given species.

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

Structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information.

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14
Q

clones

A

Genetically identical copy of an organism.

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15
Q

differentiation

A

Process in which cells become specialized during development; occurs as different cell lineages begin to use different subsets of their DNA

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16
Q

diploid

A
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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that carries out DNA synthesis during DNA replication; uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.

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19
Q

DNA sequence

A

Method of determining DNA sequence

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20
Q

histones

A

Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

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21
Q

karyotype

A

Image of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.

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22
Q

mutation

A

Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. See base-pair substitution, deletion, insertion

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23
Q

primer

A

Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase

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24
Q

sex chromosomes

A

Chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.

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25
Q

sister chromatids

A

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, the two identical DNA molecules attached to one another at the centromere.

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26
Q

anticodon

A

In a tRNA, set of three nucleotides that base-pairs with an mRNA codon.

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27
Q

base-pair substitution

A

Type of mutation in which a single base pair changes.

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28
Q

codons

A

Three-nucleotide unit of information in an mRNA; the order of the three bases determines the instruction. Most specify particular amino acids.

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29
Q

deletion

A

Type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are lost from DNA.

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30
Q

epigenetic

A

Refers to potentially heritable modifications to DNA that affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

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31
Q

exons

A

Gene segment that remains in an RNA after post-transcriptional modification.

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32
Q

gene expression

A

Multistep process of converting information in a gene into an RNA or protein product. See transcription, translation.

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33
Q

genes

A

Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA; encodes an RNA or protein product.

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34
Q

genetic code

A

Complete set of sixty-four codons.

35
Q

insertion

A

Type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are inserted into DNA.

36
Q

introns

A

Gene segment that intervenes between exons and is removed from a new RNA during post-transcriptional modification.

37
Q

knockout

A

Technique of introducing a mutation that disables expression of a gene in an organism.

38
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA that carries protein-building instructions.

39
Q

promoter

A

In DNA, special sequence of nucleotide bases that functions as a binding site for RNA polymerase; site where transcription begins.

40
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA component of ribosomes.

41
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that carries out transcription (RNA synthesis).

42
Q

transcription

A

RNA synthesis; process in which a gene is copied into RNA form.

43
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome during translation.

44
Q

translation

A

Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled according to the protein-building information in an mRNA.

45
Q

alleles

A

Forms of a gene with slightly different DNA sequences; may encode slightly different versions of the gene’s product.

46
Q

anaphase

A

Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite spindle poles.

47
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from a single parent only.

48
Q

cancer

A

Group of diseases characterized by malignant cells (abnormally dividing cells that can migrate to other body tissues).

49
Q

cell cycle

A

The collective series of intervals and events of a eukaryotic cell’s life, from the time it forms until it divides.

50
Q

cleavage furrow

A

In a dividing animal cell, the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur.

51
Q

crossing over

A

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments during prophase I of meiosis.

52
Q

gametes

A

Mature, haploid reproductive cell; e.g., an egg or a sperm.

53
Q

haploid

A

Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.

54
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

In a cell nucleus, chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and set of genes.

55
Q

interphase

A

In a eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval between divisions during which the cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA.

56
Q

meiosis

A

Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number for forthcoming gametes. Basis of sexual reproduction. (makes me)

57
Q

metaphase

A

Stage of mitosis at which all chromosomes are aligned midway between spindle poles.
line up

58
Q

metastasis

A

The process in which cells of a malignant tumor spread from one part of the body to another.

59
Q

mitosis

A

Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number. Basis of body growth and tissue repair in multi celled eukaryotes; also asexual reproduction in some eukaryotes. Occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

60
Q

oncogene

A

Gene that can transform a normal cell into a tumor cell. Carries a mutation that results in the inappropriate stimulation of mitosis.

61
Q

prophase

A

Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and become attached to a newly forming spindle.

62
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both.

63
Q

spindle

A

Temporary structure that moves chromosomes during nuclear division; consists of microtubules that elongate from two spindle poles.

64
Q

telophase

A

Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and become enclosed by a new nuclear envelope.

65
Q

tumor

A

A mass of abnormally dividing cells in a tissue.

66
Q

zygote

A

Diploid cell that forms when two gametes fuse; the first cell of a new individual.

67
Q

aneuploidy

A

Condition of having too many or two few copies of a particular chromosome.

68
Q

codominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals.

69
Q

dihybrid cross

A

Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for alleles of two genes; e.g., AaBb X AaBb.

70
Q

monohybrid cross

A

Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for alleles of one gene; for example Aa X Aa.

71
Q

dominant

A

Refers to an allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele on the homologous chromosome. Also used to describe a trait associated with a dominant allele.

72
Q

genotype

A

The particular set of alleles that occurs in an individual’s chromosomes.

73
Q

heterozygous

A

Describes a genotype in which homologous chromosomes have different alleles of a gene.

74
Q

homozygous

A

Describes a genotype in which homologous chromosomes have the same allele of a gene.

75
Q

nondisjunction

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during mitosis or meiosis.

76
Q

pedigrees

A

Chart that marks the appearance of a phenotype through generations of a family tree.

77
Q

phenotype

A

An individual’s observable traits.

78
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which one allele is not fully dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate blend between the two homozygous phenotypes.

79
Q

pleiotropy

A

Inheritance pattern in which a single gene affects multiple traits.

80
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes affect one trait.

81
Q

polyploidy

A

Condition of having three or more of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.

82
Q

Punnett square

A

Diagram used to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of a cross.

83
Q

recessive

A

Refers to an allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele on the homologous chromosome. Also used to describe a trait associated with a recessive allele.

84
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A

Reproductive cloning method in which the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the DNA of a donor’s body cell.

Bio189 (4 decks)

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