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Bio Class 7 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ send impulse towards soma, while _____ send impulse away from soma

A

dendrites, axon

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2
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

“saltatory conduction”

- propagation of AP along myelinated axons from one node to another, increasing velocity of ap

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3
Q

Axon hillock

A

Connects soma and axon

- ap starts here

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4
Q

Schwaan cells

A

Found in PNS, wrap around axon to form myelin

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5
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Found in CNS, wrap around axon to form myelin

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Insulator, increases speed of conduction

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7
Q

Soma

A

Performs basic function of cell

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8
Q

Types of neurons

A

Bipolar, unipolar, multipolar (most popular)

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9
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Single axon, single dendrite

- direction determined by direction of impulse

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10
Q

Unipolar

A

Single process that divides to form axon and dendrite

- direction determined by direction of impulse

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11
Q

Depolarization

A

Move away from rest in positive direction (-70 to -50)

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Move away from rest in negative direction (-70 to -90)

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13
Q

Repolarization

A

Returning to rest from hyperpolarization or depolarization

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14
Q

Equilibrium Potential

A

The potential at which there is no driving force on an ion

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15
Q

Action Potential Process

A

Potential starts at -70
Cell depolarizes as Na+ VG channels open (-50)
Reaches Na+ equilibrium potential (+35)
Na+ channel is inactive and K+ VG channel opens
Cell hyperpolarizes
Na+ VG channel shifts to “closed”
K+ channel closes

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16
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-50 mV

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17
Q

Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period

A

Absolute

  • Na+ channel is inactive, cell is too positive
  • impossible to fire a second potential

Relative

  • Na+ channel is closed, cell is too negative
  • close to K+ eq potential
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18
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Action potential travelling

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Once signal reaches end of neuron, signal goes to different cell or neuron

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20
Q

If there is a impulse from A –> B –> , why would the AP go towards C and not A?

A

Because A is in the refractory period

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21
Q

What happens to B and C if A is going through an AP?

A

Na+ is entering A and the membrane potential of B and C is at -70

  • then charge from A reaches B and depolarizes it
  • Once B reaches threshold, it’ll fire an AP
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22
Q

Electrical Synapses vs Chemical synapses

A

Electrical synapse

  1. Gap junctions
  2. Unregulated
  3. Bidirectional
  4. Always excitatory (always causes AP in postsynaptic cell)
    * Relatively rare & found in cardiac muscle cells

Chemical synapse
Opposite of electrical synapse
- Presynaptic neuron has neurotransmitters in vesicles that are bound by synapsin (cytoskeleton filaments)
- When VG Ca2+ channel reaches threshold, it breaks down synapsin
- Vesicles are released and neurotransmitters float in synaptic cleft
- Receptors on post-synaptic dendrite will bind to some neurotransmitters
1. Neurons make one type of NT, but respond to many
2. NT in cleft can be recycled or broken down, medication can change amount of time it spends in cleft
3. Response of post-synaptic cleft depends on receptors
4. takes more than one vesicle of neurotransmitters to elicit a significant response on post-synaptic cell

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23
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

  • when one vesicle dumps into post-synaptic cleft
  • If AP comes and dumps lots of vesicles, it will add up and eventually membrane reaches threshold and causes AP
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24
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

- Adds up and eventually membrane hyperpolarizes

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25
Summation
Adding EPSP and IPSP 1. Spatial - add multiple inputs over wide area 2. Temporal - add frequent impulses from a single source
26
_______ increases intensity in neurons
frequency
27
General System function of neurons: | ______ --> _______ --> _______
Sensory input ---> Integration ---> Motor output Sensory input: sensory neurons, afferent, PNS Integration: making decision, interneurons, CNS Motor output: motor neurons, efferent, PNS
28
Reflex
rapid integration to avoid body injury
29
Simple Reflex - urine example
- In walls of bladder, there's receptors that monitor stress & tension - As bladder fills up with urine, tension builds on the bladder - the bigger the stretch in the bladder, the more frequent AP - The sensory neuron senses stretch and in the spinal cord it'll interact with the motor neuron and then cause the bladder to contract
30
Complex reflex - hitting tendon example
When you hit the tendon: - tendon of quadricep muscle stretches, stimulates sensory neuron - activates quadricep muscle, causing it to contract and inhibit motor neuron of hamstring, causing hamstring to relax
31
Spinal cord
Primitive reflexes
32
Medulla
Regulates basic vitals
33
Pons
balance/movement
34
Diencephlon
Hypothalamus - maintains homeostasis, controls the pituitary Thalamus - sensory relay station, sends to proper brain region for processing Epithalamus - includes pineal gland which produces melatonin (sleep/wake cycles)
35
Telencepholon
Cerebrum or cerebral hemisphere
36
Limbic system
Emotions and LTM
37
Cerebellum
Coordinate and smoothe body movements
38
Midbrain
Startle reflexes
39
White matter vs Grey matter
``` White matter - composed of myelinated axons - involved in cell-to-cell communication CNS-brain: tract CNS-spinal cord: tract/column PNS: nerve ``` ``` Grey matter - composed of cell bodies - involved in integration CNS-deep brain: nucleus CNS-brain surface: cortex CNS-spinal cord: horn PNS: ganglion ```
40
Nervous system flow chart
Nervous system breaks into CNS and PNS CNS: spinal cord and brain PNS: all nerves and sensory structures outside of brain & spinal cord PNS breaks into Somatic and Autonomic Somatic: voluntary control of skeletal muscle Autonomic: involuntary control of glands & smooth muscle Autonomic breaks into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Sympathetic: fight or flight Parasympathetic: rest and digest
41
Somatic vs Autonomic - neurotransmitters? - excitatory and/or inhibitory? - how many motor neurons??
Somatic - NT: Ach - 1 motor neuron that connects CNS to skeletal muscle - excitatory Autonomic - NT: Ach, NE - 2 motor neurons that connect CNS to effector organ - excitatory or inhibitory
42
Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic
Para - decreases BP, resp rate, HR - increases digestion - bronchioles constrict, pupils constrict (less o2 needed while sleeping with close field of vision) Symp - increases BP, resp rate, HR - decreases digestion - bronchioles dilate, pupils dilate (more o2 needed while needing far field of vision - direct stimulation of adrenal medulla which produces epinephrine which prolongs response of sympathetic nervous system
43
Difference between NE and Epi?
NE is a NT that's produced in timely quantities in cleft, acts locally Epi is a hormone that's produced and released in blood & acts throughout whole body
44
Types of Sensory Receptors
``` Mechanoreceptors - mechanical stimuli Nocireceptors - respond to pain Chemoreceptors - respond to chemicals Photoreceptors/electromagnetic receptors - respond to light Thermoreceptors - respond to temperature ```
45
Iris
Coloured part of your eye, regulates diameter of pupil
46
Pupil
Black opening in middle of eye
47
Lens
Biconcave structure that focuses light on retina
48
Retina
Sensitive to light and a layer at the back of the eye
49
Ciliary muscle
Controls the curvature of lens
50
Cornea
External transparent layer of eye
51
Fovea/cones
Responsible for extreme visual acuity
52
Absolute Threshold
minimum amount of stimulus needed to trigger receptor
53
Difference threshold
how much change in a stimulus before it's noticed
54
Sensory Adaptation
receptors stop responding to continuous stimulus | - pain & sexual receptors don't adap
55
Bottom up processing vs top down processing
Bottom up 1. Sensory receptor 2. Sends info to brain 3. Analyze and process Top down 1. Use prior knowledge & expectations 2. Analyze sensory info
56
Optic disc
Blind spot, place on retina where optic nerve forms
57
Optic nerve
bundle of axons leaving eye towards brain
58
Organization/flow from retina
Photoreceptors (rod/cone cells) --> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells --> ganglion cells become optic nerve --> occipital lobe for image processing
59
Rod vs cone cells
Cone - concentrated in fovea - colour vision (red, blue, green) Rod - in periphery - black and white - lower level of light - more abundant than cone cells
60
When light is present...
1. Inhibition of Na+ channels 2. Na+/K+ pump polarizes cell 3. Stop release of neurotransmitter (glutamate) 4. Bipolar cell inactive so no AP/ bipolar cell is active so AP to brain
61
When light is absent...
1. Na+ channel open 2. Na+ enters and depolarizes cell 3. Cell releases neurotransmitter into cleft (glutamate) 4. Activated so AP to brain/ inactivated so no AP to brain
62
Structure of the ear
Outer ear - Pinna - Auditory canal Middle ear - tympanic membrane - 3 bones: malleus, incus, stapes Inner ear - semicircular canals - Cochlea - Eustachian tube (auditory tube)
63
Eustachian tube
Contains a flap that's normally closed but opens when middle ear wants to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure
64
Mechanism of hearing
1. Sound waves come from outside the ear, channels through auditory canal & reaches tympanic membrane 2. Tympanic membrane vibrates and causes 3 ossicles to vibrate which reaches oval window 3. Oval window transmits vibration through liquid of cochlea (outer fluid) 4. Pressure waves are then converted to AP and sent to brain to get deciphered... 5. Pressure waves in endolymph & perilymph lead to vibration of the basilar membrane and movement of hair cells 6. Cilia on hair cells dragged across tectorial membrane 7. Hair cells get bent & release NT into cleft 8. Binds to receptors on auditory neuron which transmits signal to brain
65
Pitch vs Loudness
Pitch: determined by region of basilar membrane most stimulated Base of basilar membrane = high frequency, high pitch, high energy, thick and stiff Apex of basilar membrane = low frequency, low pitch, low energy, thin and floppy Loudness (=amplitude): determined by frequency of AP reaching the brain soft = less AP loud = more AP
66
Vestibular complex
'Equilibrium & balance' 1. Semicircular canal - rotational balance 2. Vestibule - saccule, utricle, ampulla = static balance

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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