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Psych/Soc Class 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental disorder

A

AKA Psychological disorder

A set of behaviour or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with social norms & are severe enough to cause significant personal district or impairment to social, occupational or personal functioning

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2
Q

Biomedical vs Biopsychosocial

A

Biomedical
- treat with medication, the cause is organic pathology, disabilities, genetics

Biopsychosocial
- treatment would be hollistic, possibly include medication and/or therapy, cause is genetics, SES, economic factors, etc

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3
Q

Level 1 Disorders

A 
Anxiety Disorders
Depressive disorders
Bipolar & related disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum & other psychotic disorders
Trauma and stress related disorders
Personality disorders
OCD
Somatic Symptom disorders
Dissociative disorders
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4
Q

Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

A
  • Excessive fear and/or anxiety
  • Avoidance behaviours
  • Sympathetic activation in the absence of threat
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5
Q

Specific anxiety disorders

A

Phobias
General anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Social anxiety disorder

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6
Q

Phobias

A

A very specific fear

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7
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety without a specific cause

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8
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

fear/anxiety around social situations or interaction w/ specific people

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9
Q

Panic disorder

A

Involves constant anxiety about reoccurring panic attack

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10
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Sad, empty and/irritable mood

Not related to normal grief

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11
Q

Depressive Disorder symptoms

A

Must have at least 5 symptoms for 2 weeks or more:

  • insomnia or hypersomnia
  • weight gain or weight loss
  • restlessness or feeling slowed down
  • reoccurring thoughts of death or suicide
  • loss of interest of all activities
  • fatigues/loss of energy
  • depressed or irritable mood
  • Impaired concentration, indecisiveness
  • feelings of worthlessness or guilt
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12
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest of almost all activities

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13
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

Predicts that underlying basis of depression is depletion of levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and/or dopamine in CNS

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14
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

Bridge bw Psychotic and Depressive disorders

- involves cycles or oscillations or breaks between manic and depressive phases

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15
Q

Specific Bipolar Disorder diagnoses

A

Bipolar I Disorder - spend more time in manic phase > depressive phase
Bipolar II Disorder - spend more time in depressive phase > manic phase
Cyclothymic Disorder - average of B I & II disorder

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16
Q

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms

A

Manic Phase

  • high energy
  • high self esteem
  • irritable
  • quick talking
  • impulsive
  • racing thoughts

Depressive Phase

  • low energy
  • low self esteem
  • lack of concentration
  • lack of interest
  • helplessness
  • suicidal thoughts
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17
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

A
  • Delusions & hallucinations
  • maybe “negative” symptoms
  • involve general detachment from reality
  • disorganized speech & thoughts
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18
Q

Specific Schizophrenia Disorder diagnoses

A

Delusional Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder (brief - avg)
Schizophrenia (life long) - affects 1%, characterized by +/- symptoms
Schizoaffective Disorder (combo of bipolar & schiz)

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19
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Psychotic behaviours not seen in healthy people

- hallucinations, delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech & thought

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20
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Disruptions of normal emotions & behaviours, absence of normal patterns
- avolition (lack of motivation), reduced speech and/or interactions, flattened effect

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21
Q

Cognitive Symptoms

A

Thought patterns make it hard to lead normal life & cause emotional distress
- poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problem with working memory

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22
Q

Specific Diagnoses of Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders

A

Adjustment disorder
Post traumatic stress disorder
Acute Stress Disorder

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23
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Enduring (often lifetime) patterns of inflexible behaviours across a range of settings & relationships

  • diagnosis begins in adolescence or early adulthood
  • high comorbidity
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24
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorder

A

“Odd/eccentric”
Paranoid PD - manifests the paranoid tendencies
Schizoid PD - manifests the social withdrawal & flattened effect
Schizotypal PD - manifests milder hallucinations & delusions

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Cluster B Personality Disorder
"Dramatic/erratic" Antisocial PD - sociopathy, with no regard for right or wrong or others' rights Borderline PD - severe abandonment anxiety & emotional turbulence Histrionic PD - overdramatic attention seeking & emotional overreaction Narcissistic PD - inflated sense of self & lack of empathy
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Cluster C Personality Disorder
"Fear/anxiety" Avoidant PD - presents as very extreme shyness & feat of rejection Dependent PD - presents as over-dependance on others to meet needs Obsessive-compulsive PD - presents as milder form of OCD
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- obsessions (thoughts or urges) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviours)
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Specific Diagnoses of OCD
- OCD - Body Dysmorphic Disorder - Hoarding Disorder - Trichotillomania
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Somatic Symptom Disorders
Excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms
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Specific Diagnoses Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Somatic Symptom Disorder (vagueness of symptoms) - Illness Anxiety Disorder (reoccurring specific fear of getting a specific disease - Conversion Disorder - Factitious Disorder (falsification)
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Dissociative Disorders
Disruptions and/or discontinuities in core identity | - Abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion
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Specific Diagnoses Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder - multiple consciouses - different handwriting talents - only exhibit 1 type of personality Dissociative Amnesia - lost significant amount of biographic information Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder - can be seen in PTSD - depersonal (separate of what they're feeling) - derealization (thinking the place they're in is surreal)
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Level 2 Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders Neurocognitive disorders Sleep-wake disorders Substance-related disorders
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- manifest early in development (early on-set), usually before grade school - appear as deficits, generally difficult to treat - characterized by intellectual disability, communication disorders
35
Specific Diagnoses Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorder - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder - -> affects 2-4% of school aged children, motor --restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity - Intellectual disability - Tourette's syndrome (ticks, cussing, random yelling
36
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, restricted repetitive & stereotyped patterns of behaviour - Prevalence is 1/88 children, males 4x more likely than females Signs: - impaired social interaction - avoiding eye contact with others - difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling - may lack empathy - repetitive movements such as rocking - inability to play interactively with other children
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Neurocognitive Disorders
Cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in comlex attention, executive function, learning, memory, lagnuage, perceptual motor or social cognition - symptoms may interfere significantly with a person's everyday independence in MAJOR neurocognitive disorder but no in MILD neurocognitive disorder
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Specific Diagnoses Neurocognitive Disorders
- Traumatic Brain Injury (CTE) - Huntington's Disease - Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease - Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Parkinson's Disease
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Alzheimer's Disease
2 abnormal structures in the brain: 1. Amyloid plaques - clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells 2. Neurofibrillary tangles - clumps of altered proteins inside cells (also known as tau tangles) - destruction & death of nerve cells that cause memory failure, personality changes, problems carrying out daily activities & other symptoms - healthy people also have this but with Alzheimers it is at a faster rate - avg duration 8 years
40
Parkinson's Disease
Primarily caused by abnormally low dopamine levels - Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements - dopamine involved in sending messages to areas of brain that control coordination & movement - abnormal aggregates of protein called Lewy body develop inside neurons
41
Sleep-wake disorders
Disturbance in quality, amount and timing of sleep
42
Specific Diagnoses of Sleep-Wake Disorders
Dyssomnias: abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep 1. Insomnia - inability to fall or remain asleep 2. Narcolepsy - periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods 3. Sleep apnea - intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings Parasomnias: abnormal behaviours that occur during sleep 1. Somnambulism: sleep walking - tends to occur during slow wave sleep (stage 3) - usually happens during the first third of the night - many children experience sleep-walking and eventually grow out of it 2. Night terrors: appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep - usually occur during stage 3 (unlike nightmares which happening during REM)
43
Substance Related & Addictive Disorders
- drugs separated into 10 classes - involves brain's reward system - tolerance & withdrawal
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Specific Diagnoses of Substance related & addictive disorders
- substance use disorders - alcohol related disorders - caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, etc related disorders - gambling disorders
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Tolerance
Occurs when an individual must use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect
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Dependence
Develops when a person needs to use a drug in order to function normally
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Withdrawal
Describes the group of symptoms that occur when a person who has formed a dependance to a drug suddenly discontinues or decreases use of that drug - symptoms are drug-specific & dose dependent
48
Addiction
Compulsive drug use despite harmful consequence & inability to stop using a drug
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Psychological Dependence vs Physical Dependence
Psychological - occurs when drug becomes central to person's thoughts, emotions & activities - demonstrated by strong urge to use drug, despite being aware of its harmful effects - not all drugs lead to physical dependence, it's possible for any drug to lead to psych dependence Physical - demonstrated by presence of withdrawal symptoms when drug is not consumed - person depends on drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms & to fx normally - often follows heavy daily use over several weeks or longer
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Psychoactive drugs
Work by altering actions at neuronal synapse | - enhance, suppress or mimic activity of neurotransmitter
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Drug Classes & Effects
Depressants Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Action: Depresses CNS (Esp F/F) Effect: impaired motor control, organ failure from overose Stimulants Examples: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine Action: Increases availability & action of neurotransmitters Effect: Sympathetic activation; rush or high followed by a crash Hallucinogens Examples: THC, Marijuana, LSD Action: Distorts perception Effect: Hallucinations, impaired judgement, slowed rx time
52
Consciousness
Awareness we have of ourselves, our internal state & environment - imp for reflection & directs our attn - needed to complete novel & complex tasks but little awareness for practiced & simple tasks
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States of consciousness
Alert | Sleep
54
RAS
Reticular activating system - controls alertness & arousal - is a network of nerve pathways in brain stem that connects spinal cord, cerebrum & cerebellum - mediates overall level of consciousness
55
Electroencephelograph
Documents different wave lengths
56
Waves, frequencies & characteristics
Alpha - 7 to 14 Hz - associated with relaxed normal consciousness Beta - 15 to 30 Hz - higher frequency than alpha, more alert consciousness Theta - 4 to 7 Hz - seen in young children, meditative states & stages 1 sleep Delta - Less than 4 Hz - occurs during slow wave sleep
57
Circadian rhythm
Controls increases & decreases in alertness in predictable ways over 24-h cycle 12 am - 6 am --> sleep 6 am - 10 pm --> slow increase in sleep need 10 pm - 12 am --> sleep 12 am - 12 pm -->sleep urge decreases After 12 pm & 8 pm sleep urge increases
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3 physiological indicators of mammal's circadian rhythm
1. Melatonin levels released by pineal gland (during day it is inactive) 2. Body temperature controlled by hypothalamus (36-38 degrees celsius) 3. Cortisol controlled by adrenal cortex
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
- found in hypothalamus - controls sleep, melatoin production & body temp - cortisol release is controlled by multiple things, only one is SCN
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Sleep Stages
Stage 1 (theta waves) EDG- slow rolling eye movements EMG- moderate body activity Characteristics - fleeting thoughts, non-REM sleep Stage 2 (sleep spindle, K-complex) EDG- no eye movement EMG- moderate body activity Characteristics - increased relaxation, decreased temp, heart rate & respiration Stage 3 & 4 (delta waves) EDG- no eye movement EMG- moderate body activity Characteristics - heart & digestion slow, growth hormones secreted, deepest level of sleep REM (similar to beta waves but more jagged; low intensity, high frequency) EDG- bursts of quick eye movements EMG- almost no body activity (paradoxical sleep bc no body activity but brain is active) Characteristics - when dreams occur
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Hypnosis
Attention is more focused and peripheral awareness is reduced - more low frequency > high frequency - decrease in left hemisphere activity & increase in right hemisphere activity
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Meditation
Practice in which individual induces mode of consciousness for some purpose - effective for stress reduction - increases activity in left frontal lobe (area active in most optimistic people) - improved concentration, lowered bp, & better immune fx - lower frequency alpha & theta waves - if meditated for a long time, lots of brain areas appear to be altered esp in left hemisphere
63
Most prevalent disorder in US
Anxiety disorders (18%)
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Lease prevalent disorder in US
Psychotic disorders (2%)

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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