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Psych/Soc Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a social institution?

A

Standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve basic societal value

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2
Q

Name 5 social instutions

A
  1. Education
  2. Family
  3. Religion
  4. Health & medicine
  5. Government, economy & politics
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3
Q

What is education?

A

A formal process where knowledge, skills & values are systemically transmitted from one individual to another

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4
Q

What is hidden curicculum?

A

Unintentional lessons about norms, values & beliefs

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5
Q

What is teacher expectancy?

A

Students tent to match teacher expectations (+/-)

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6
Q

What are the 5 main functions of a family?

A
  1. Affection & Companionship
  2. Reproduction & monitoring sexual behaviour
  3. Protection
  4. Socialization
  5. Social Status
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7
Q

What is the difference between democracy, monarchy, authoritarian & totalitarian?

A

Democracy: citizens choose officials to run government
Monarchy: 1 family controls government, power passed through that family
Authoritarian: Citizens not allowed to participate to choose government but are free to do other things
Totalitarian: total control by government

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8
Q

What is the “Iron Law of Oligarchy”?

A

A small group of people with similar beliefs/interests control large groups & organizations; power is concentrated at top

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9
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

The idea that chains overpower society

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10
Q

According to Max Weber, what are the characteristics of ideal bureaucracy?

A
  1. Division of labor
  2. Written rules & expectations
  3. Impersonality & Neutrality
  4. Officials hired & promoted based on technical competence
  5. Hierarchal structure
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11
Q

What is medicalization?

A

Process through which human conditions are defined & treated as medical conditions

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12
Q

What drives medicalization?

A
  1. New info/discoveries regarding conditions
  2. Changing social attitudes or economic considerations
  3. Development of new medications/treatments
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13
Q

What is the sick role?

A

Individuals who are ill have certain rights & obligations in society and if they cannot fulfill same duties as a person in good health can, the social allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior

  1. The right to be exempt from social roles
  2. The right to not be responsible for their condition
  3. Obligation to try to seek treatment
  4. Obligation to try to get better
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14
Q

What are the 3 versions of sick role?

A
  1. Conditional: condition is temp.
  2. Unconditional legitimate: condition is incurable
  3. Illegitimate: condition is stigmatized by others
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15
Q

What is social epidemiology?

A

Study of social determinants of health and use social concepts to explain patterns of health in population

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16
Q

What is the socioeconomic gradient of health?

A

The theory that as socioeconomic factors increase, there is a proportional increase in health and health outcomes

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17
Q

What is the difference between the Malthusian theory and the Demographic Transition Theory?

A

Malthusian theory - unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to over population & catastrophes

Demographic Transition Theory - socieities transition from high birth & death rate to low birth & death rates

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18
Q

What is gender identity & how is it developed?

A

Gender identity is the extent to which one identifies with a particular gender (women / man)

Developed through 3 stages:

  1. As toddlers/preschoolers you learn defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender
  2. 5-7 yrs it is more rigid (consolidation)
  3. After peak of rigidity, fluidity returns & socially defined gender roles relax
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19
Q

What’s the difference between race & ethnicity?

A

Race is dividing people into groups based on various sets of shared physical characteristics

Ethnicity is dividing people into groups based on common nationality or shared cultural traditions

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20
Q

Food desert

A

Area typically in highly populated lower income urban areas that don’t have access to fresh healthy food

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21
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

Low SES & minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards are disproportionally high

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22
Q

Residential segregation

A

Physical seperation of groups into different areas typically along the lines of race, ethnicity & SES

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23
Q

Social segregation

A

Tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups

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24
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimination

A

Prejudice is the belief/judgement towards people based on group membership and discrimination is the biased treatment

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25
Gentrification
Changing neighborhoods through renovations& capital investment that often strips ethnic & cultural character
26
Urbanization
Population shift from rural to urban areas and can experience inequality
27
Globalization
Process of international integration
28
Social Movements
Groups actions that attempt to promote, resist or undo social change
29
Socioeconomic Status
Measured by combo of education, income & occupation Defined by power, prestige & property
30
Relative vs Absolute poverty
Relative - inability to meet avg standard of living defined by a given society Absolute - inability to secure the basic necessities of life
31
What determines your social mobility?
Physical, social & cultural capital
32
Social reproduction
Social inequality is transmitted from one GENERATION to another
33
Structural Mobility
A type of vertical mobility which brings changes to the hierarchy itself (whole class, group or occupation changes hierarchy level)
34
Status vs Role
Status - socially-defined position in society | Role - socially-defined expectation based on position in society
35
Define role exit, role conflict & role strain
Role exit - transition from one role to another Role conflict - Conflict among expectations for MULTIPLE social positions Role Strain - Tension in expectations of a SINGLE social position
36
Difference between group, aggregate & category
Group - small number of people (>/ 2) who identify and interact Aggregate - share the same space but don't identify or interact Category - share certain characteristics but don't regularly interact
37
Social Network vs Organization
Social network is a web of social relationships in which person is directly linked to others as well as those in which people are indirectly connected through others. Organization is a large group of people with common purpose and is impersonal and hierarchically structured
38
3 types of organizations
1. Utilitarian - members are motivated by incentive/reward 2. Normative - members are motivated by common cause/belief 3. Coercive - members are forced to join
39
Cultural transmission
The methods a group of people within a society or culture use to learn and pass on new info
40
Cultural diffusion
spreading cultural beliefs & social activities from one group to another
41
Assimilation
two cultures influence one another that one culture starts to adopt the other's lifestyle
42
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture
43
Cultural Relativism
principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
44
Values vs beliefs
Values - how it should be, not a law | Beliefs - specific ideas people feel to be true; will abide by
45
General fertility rate vs crude birth rate
General fertility rate - annual # of live births for every 1000 women of child bearing age Crude birth rate- annual # of live births for every 100 people in population
46
Replacement level fertility
of offspring that need to be produced to replace people who have died
47
Sub-replacement fertility
birth rate > death rate
48
What is culture
Everything that's made, learned and/or shared by members of society Can be material (food, clothes, car) or nonmatieral culture (values, beliefs, intangible objects)
49
Define the 3 different types of culture
1. Dominant culture - group whose members are in the majority & wield more power than other groups 2. Subculture - group that lives differently from dominant culture but doesn't oppose them 3. Counterculture- subculture that opposes dominant culture
50
What are the 4 categories of child abuse?
Sexual, emotional, physical & neglect
51
Define the difference between patriarchy, matriarchy & egalitarian
Patriarchy - men > women Matriarchy - women > men Egalitarian - both treated as equals
52
Polygny vs polyandry
Polygny - man married to more than one woman | polyandry - woman married to more than one man
53
Define kinship
who we think we're related to
54
Bilateral descent
Kin groups that involve both maternal & paternal relations
55
Anarachy
A society without a public government
56
Aristocratic government
Controlled by small group of people based on specific qualifications Aristocracies - ruled by elite citizens Meritocracies - ruled by those with merit
57
Autocratic govenement
Controlled by single person or small group Dictatorship - ruled by one person Fascist govenement - rule by small group of leaders
58
Different structures of governments
Republican government - country is a public concern Federalist government - representative head shares power w/ constituent groups Parliamentary government - both legislative & executive boards
59
Welfare vs state capitalism
Welfare capitalism - mostly private owned except for social welfare programs State capitalism - companies are privately run but work closely with government
60
What are the different economic structures?
Mixed, command(planned), market & traditional
61
Mechanical vs Organic Solidarity
Mechanical - allows society to remain integrated bc individuals have common beliefs which lead to each person having an experience Organic - allows society to remain integrated through division of labor which leads to each person having a personal experience
62
Forms of religious organizations
1. Ecclesia - dominant religious organization that includes most members of society; born into it & don't tolerate other religions (Eg. Islam) 2. Church - well integrated into larger society; usually born into it but allow people to join; well stipulated rules & regulations 3. Sect - distinct from larger society; usually breaking away from larger religious institutions; membership is through birth or conversion 4. Cult/New religious movement - far outside societies norms & often involves different lifestyle
63
5 major world religions
1. Christianity - largest single faith in the world; monotheistic; identify as christians 2. Islam - second largest faith in the world; monotheistic; identify as muslims 3. Hinduism - polytheistic; believes in reincarnation 4. Buddhism - teaches overcoming cravings for physical/material pleasures through meditation 5. Judaism - monotheistic
64
Secularization
Religion loses its significance in modern society
65
Fundamentalists
Strictly adhere to religious beliefs
66
Deductive vs inductive reasoning
Deductive is top down - general to specific | Inductive is bottom up - specific to general
67
Demographic studies of the global population suggest what?
- world is experiencing population growth until 2050 - national population of USA is increasing - crude birth & death rate is decreasing - population exceeded 7 BILLION in last decade
68
Population lag
A population-lag effect refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations until those female babies come of age to reproduce
69
Suburbanization
People move from urban to suburban areas; contributes to urban decline
70
Urbanization
People move from rural and suburban areas to urban areas; contributes to urban growth
71
Counter-urbanization
People move from urban to rural areas; contributes to urban decline
72
Colonization
Form of immigration where a group of people arrives in an already settled land and proceeds to dominate and exploit the indigenous peoples
73
Emigration
Leaving an old area to a new area
74
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to only search for information that confirms a previously held belief
75
False Consensus
Assume everyone agrees
76
Belief Bias
One will judge an argument based on whether the conclusions are agreeable, rather than whether the argument itself is logical
77
Professions
- white collared jobs - requires special education - have a service orientation

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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