Bio Endocrine

Question 1

As peptide hormones are no polar they can’t pass the plasma membrane, what they do?

Answer 1

Binds to a receptor.
Hormone (1st messenger) binds to a receptor on the outside of the membrane which can activate multiple enzymes that trigger the production of the second messenger inside the cell( cAMP, IP3, Ca)

Question 2

Most peptide and amino acid derivative hormone have names that end in?

Answer 2

In or ine
Fast onset bug short acting

Question 3

Most steroid hormones have names end in?

Answer 3

Ol or oid
Slow but longer lasting change

Question 4

How hormones act?

Answer 4

Peptide have surface receptors and act via second messenger systems
Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and function by binding to DNA to alter gene transcription

Question 5

What hormones are catecholamines?

Answer 5

Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Bind to G protein coupled receptors

Question 6

Each step of the signaling cascade can induce what?

Answer 6

Amplification of the signal

Question 7

What is negative feedback?

Answer 7

When a hormone or product later in pathway inhibits hormones or enzymes earlier in the pathway.
It maintains the homeostasis and conserves energy

Question 8

What is hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 8

Blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

Question 9

What does dopamine do to prolactin?

Answer 9

Decreases it

Question 10

High and low growth hormone cause in kids?

Answer 10

High - gigantism
Low- dwarfism
In adults high GH - acromegaly

Question 11

ADH functions

Answer 11

Increased blood volume and higher blood pressure and decrease osmolarity

Question 12

Does posterior pituitary synthesize its hormones?

Answer 12

No! They are synthesized in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary.

Question 13

When T3 and T4 produced?

Answer 13

By the iodination of the tyrosine amino acid in the follicular cells of the thyroid. Number 3 and 4 refer to the number of iodine atoms attached to the tyrosine.
High T3 and T4 leads to decreased TSH and TRH - negative feedback

Question 14

Deficiency of iodine in kids may result in?

Answer 14

Intellectual disability and developmental delay (cretinism)

Question 15

Function of calcium

Answer 15

Decreased by calcitonin
Bone structure and strength
Release of neurotransmitters from neurons
Regulation of muscle contractions
Clotting of blood ( calcium is a cofactor)
Cell movement and exocytosis of cellular materials

High levels of Ca stimulated release of calcitonin

Question 16

Antagonistic hormones

Answer 16

Glucagon and insulin
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 17

How does renin angiotensin aldosterone system works?

Answer 17

When BP is decreased, it is activated to increase blood volume, cardiac output and BP.
Negative feedback

Question 18

Functions of pancreas

Answer 18

Endocrine: islets of Langerhans cells secrete hormones into blood vessels : alpha, beta, delta
Exocrine: acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct, tears and bile

Question 19

What does diebetes people have very often?

Answer 19

Polyuria ( increased frequency of urination)
Polydipsia ( increased thirst)

Question 20

Gonads function

Answer 20

Testes secrete testosterone in response to simulation of gonadotropins (LH, FSH)
Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone in the response to gonadotropins

Question 21

Hormones table

Question 22

Function of delta cells of pancreas

Answer 22

Somatostatin
Inhibits insulin and glucagon

Question 23

Function of FSH

Answer 23

In males: Spermatogenesis
In females: growth of ovarian follicles

Question 24

Function of LH

Answer 24

Males: testosterone
Women: induced ovulation

Question 25

Function of calcitonin

Answer 25

Thyroid gland, decrease ca Increase of ca in bone, decrease of ca in blood, decrease ca absorption in gut, increase ca excretion from kidneys

Question 26

Parathyroid hormone function

Answer 26

Increase of Ca, bone breakdown Decrrase ca in bone, increase in blood, increase absorption in gut, decrease extraction from kidneys

Question 27

Vasopressin function

Answer 27

Posterior pituitary Decrease water output in urine Vasoconstriction

Question 28

Aldosterone function

Answer 28

Adrenal cortex, mineralocorticoids Decrease K in blood. Increase Na and water in blood due to osmosis , increase BP

Question 29

Role of catecholamines in stress response

Answer 29

Question 30

Melatonin function

Answer 30

Released by pineal grand in response to low light levels detected by the retina Promotes sleep

Question 31

Stress response

Answer 31

Question 32

Adrenal glands hormone are similar that they

Answer 32

Secrete hormones that alter blood pressure

Question 33

What calcitonin stimulates?

Answer 33

Vitamin D activation

Question 34

Increased level of insulin causes

Answer 34

Blood glucose to decrease: decrease of glucagon release, decrease of plasma AA, decrease of gluconeogenesis, increase of glycogen stores, increase of triaglyceride synthesis and protein synthesis

Question 35

Insulin sensitive and insulin resistant

Answer 35

Sensitive- only a minimal amount of insulin is needed to reduce glucose Resistant- more insulin is needed to reduce the same amount of glucose

Question 36

Appetite hormones are

Answer 36

Leptin when appetite suppressed during satiety made of adipose cells gherlin when appetite is stimulated during hunger made from gastric cells by acting on cells in the hypothalamus Cholecystokinin- gut derived hormone that promotes satiety

Question 37

Posterior pituitary functions

Answer 37

Oxytocin and ADH Storage site for neurohormones ( hormones released from neurons) that are released by exocytosis from the axons into the blood vessels that carry blood away from the posterior pituitary

Question 38

Parathyroid hormone function

Answer 38

Raise calcium Maintain normal osteoclasts activity in bone by increasing osteoclast activity and decreased bone mineralization in high PTH. High release of PTH can be cause due to decreased synthesis of vitamin d which leads to decreased intestinal ca absorption

Question 39

What is endocrine signaling?

Answer 39

Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by specialized cells and transported throughout the body via the circulatory system. Once the hormone reaches its target tissue, it alters cellular function. Long durable, cell to cell communication

Question 40

G protein coupled receptor function

Answer 40

When the alpha subunit of a G protein is bound to GDP, the protein is inactive. Upon ligand binding, GTP binds in place of GDP causing activation of phospholipase C. In case of IP3