BIO EXAM REVIEW

Question 1

Diploid

Answer 1

two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Question 2

what cells are diploid in the body?

Answer 2

Muscle cells
Skin cells
Blood cells
Nerve cells
Bone cells

Question 3

Haploid

Answer 3

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

Question 4

what cells are haploid in the body?

Answer 4

only egg and sperm cells

Question 5

how many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 5

46

Question 6

Gamete

Answer 6

reproductive cell of a plant or animal

Question 7

how many chromosomes do gametes have?

Answer 7

23

Question 8

why do gametes have only 23 chromosomes?

Answer 8

gametes are produced during meiosis, which is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a parent diploid cell by half.

Question 9

what is fertilization?

Answer 9

the fusion of a haploid male and female gamete to create a diploid cell (zygote)

Question 10

Somatic cells

Answer 10

any cell in a living organism besides reproductive cells

Question 11

germ line cell

Answer 11

the cells that form eggs in women and sperm in males

Question 12

what is mitosis used for?

Answer 12

during mitosis one cell divides to create 2 identical cells, this is for growth and to replace damaged or worn out cells

Question 13

Stages of mitosis

Answer 13

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

Question 14

what happens in prophase?

Answer 14

condensation of chromosomes
movement of the centrosomes
formation of the mitotic spindle
beginning of nucleoli break down

Question 15

what happens in metaphase?

Answer 15

mitotic spindle is fully developed
centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate

Question 16

what happens in anaphase?

Answer 16

sister chromatids will separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by microtubules

Question 17

what happens in telophase?

Answer 17

the chromosomes begin to decondense
the spindle breaks down
the nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form.

Question 18

what happens in cytokinesis?

Answer 18

splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Question 19

what is meiosis used for?

Answer 19

allows sexual reproduction of diploid organisms
enables genetic diversity
aids the repair of genetic defects

Question 20

how does meiosis provide genetic variety?

Answer 20

meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four daughter cells

Question 21

crossing over

Answer 21

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis).

Question 22

what are homologous pairs?

Answer 22

a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization

Question 23

what are sister chromatids

Answer 23

two identical chromatids that are formed by replication of a chromosome

Question 24

what are bivalents/recombinants?

Answer 24

2 sister chromatids

Question 25

what is monosomy ?

Answer 25

the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes

ex: if you child was born with only one X chromosome rather than 2 (XX or XY) your baby would have “monosomy X”

Question 26

what is trisomy?

Answer 26

the presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

Question 27

what’s an allele?

Answer 27

the alternative form or versions of a gene

Question 28

What is the relationship between genes, proteins, and chromosomes?

Answer 28

all subcellular particles

Question 29

phenotype

Answer 29

the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism

Question 30

genotype

Answer 30

the set of genes that it carries

Question 31

what is an inheritance pattern?

Answer 31

describe how genetic variants are distributed in families

Question 32

discrete vs continuous inheritance

Answer 32

Continuous may be something like height, which may vary in a population “continuously”, with no specific limitations.
“Discrete” could be choices or outcomes of a small limit of options - there are not gradations or “continuity” between the choices.

Question 33

incomplete/codominant/dominant inheritance

Answer 33

Incomplete- a dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele

codominant-two different versions of a gene are expressed, and each version makes a slightly different protein

dominant-a way a genetic trait or condition can be passed down from parent to child

Question 34

autosomal/sex-linked inheritance

Answer 34

Sex-linked inheritance is due to the transmission of sex genes in X and Y chromosomes.

autosomal inheritance is due to the transmission of genes in autosomes or non-sex determining chromosomes.

Question 35

when you breathe in what muscles contract? what happens to the lung volume?

Answer 35

diaphragm and external intercostals contract, expanding the chest.

the diaphragm flattens and lung volume increases

Question 36

when you breathe out what muscles contract? what happens to the lung volume?

Answer 36

abdominal and internal intercostals contract causing the lung volume to reduce

Question 37

4 stages of respiration

Answer 37

1. ventilation
2. external respiration
3. internal respiration
4. cellular respiration

Question 38

Describe three features of alveoli that maximize their function?

Answer 38

1.have a spherical shape to maximize surface area
2. they have tiny blood cells called capillaries
3. they have moist walls that help gas dissolve that help them pass through during gas exchange

Question 39

What are the two main requirements for gas exchange to occur in the respiratory system of an organism?

Answer 39

1. respiratory surface area must be large enough to meet gas exchange requirements
2. moist environment because oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved in water

Question 40

Why does the trachea have cartilage rings? Do they go all the way around? Why/why not?

Answer 40

to keep airways open
no, they don’t go all the way around they are “C” shaped because the trachea is too narrow
15 cm log and 2-3 cm in diameter

Question 41

What is the role of mucus in the respiratory system?

Answer 41

moistens, lubricates, and protects many of the passages of the digestive and respiratory tracts in the body

Question 42

What structure is shared between the respiratory and digestive system in the throat?

Answer 42

pharynx

Question 43

Is glucose the same thing as energy? Is it directly usable by cells? Explain.

Answer 43

glucose is our bodys main energy source
no cells cant directly use glucose because the cell might lose energy produced by the oxidizing glucose if all of the energy wasn’t needed immediately.

Question 44

function of the villi in the small intestine

Answer 44

absorb nutrients from the liquid mixture called chyme produced in the stomach from the food we eat

Question 45

function of the microvilli in the small intestine

Answer 45

absorb food passing through the small intestine and transfer the nutrients into the blood stream.

Question 46

What are two features of villi that make them well-suited to their function?

Answer 46

the folded villi greatly increase the surface area of the intestine
2. made of a single layer of thin cells (one cell thick) so there is a short diffusion path

Question 47

prokaryotic cells

Answer 47

-unicellular micro-organisms
-lack distinct nucleus
-lack membrane-bound organelles
-always bacteria
-simple and small
-reproduction is asexual

Question 48

eukaryotic cells

Answer 48

-multicellular organelles
-have nucleus
-have membrane-bound organelles
-larger & more complex
-plants/animals/fungi/protists
-never bacteria
-reproduction can be asexual or sexual

Question 49

Plant Vs. Animal Cells

Answer 49

Plant cells have a cell wall, animals don’t.

Plants have chloroplast, animals don’t.

Plants have one or more large vacuole, animals have multiple smaller ones.

Question 50

archaea

Answer 50

prokaryotic
no chloroplast
contains a cell wall
mode of nutrition: autotrophic
motility: flagella
unicellular

Question 51

bacteria

Answer 51

prokaryotic
no chloroplast
contains a cell wall
mode of nutrition: hetero and auto
motility: flagella
unicellular

Question 52

Protista

Answer 52

eukaryotic
has chloroplasts
some have cell walls
mode of nutrition: auto
motility: flagella
most uni, some multi

Question 53

fungi

Answer 53

eukaryotic
no chloroplast
contains a cell wall
mode of nutrition: hetero
motility: non motile
multicellular

Question 54

plantae

Answer 54

eukaryotic
chloroplast
contains a cell wall
mode of nutrition: auto (phtosynthesis)
non motile
multicellular

Question 55

Animalia

Answer 55

eukaryotic
no cell wall
no chloroplast
mode of nutrition: heterotrophic
motile
multicellular

Question 56

autotrophic mode of nutrition

Answer 56

take in substances from outside and convert them into stored forms of energy

Question 57

heterotrophic mode of nutrition

Answer 57

where the organism is unable to prepare its food and hence, depends upon plants or other organisms for nutrition

Question 58

stages of the cell cycle

Answer 58

G1
S
G2
M

Question 59

G1

Answer 59

the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles

Question 60

S phase

Answer 60

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus

Question 61

G2

Answer 61

The Cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repair.

Question 62

mitosis

Answer 62

one parent cell physically divides into two daughter cells.