bio exam review #2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Equation of total magnification:
A
magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective lens
2
Q
What’s the total magnification for an eyepiece set to 15x and an objective set to 10x?
A
150x
3
Q
You view a spherical bacteria sample that appears in chains. It has had gram staining and appears a deep violet. What is the correct gram status and name of the bacteria?
A
streptococcus, gram positive.
4
Q
Which of the following organisms do not have a cell wall?
a) plants
b) animal like protists
c) plant like protists
d) bacteria
e)fungi
A
B
5
Q
Which of the following is INCORRECT about comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) prokaryotic cells are usually about 0.1-5 micrometers in size
b) eukaryotic cells can be between 10 and 100 micrometers
c) prokaryotic cells are always unicellular organisms
d) eukaryotic cells are always multicellular
A
D
6
Q
Which of the following would have multiple nuclei in a cell?
a) striated muscle
b) liver
c) abnormal (cancerous) cell
d) all of the previous are correct
A
D
7
Q
what is the correct way to write the name a domesticated dog according to binomial nomenclature?
a.Canis familiaris
b. Canis familiaris (italicized familiaris)
c. CANUS FAMILIARIS
d. Canis Familiaris
A
B
8
Q
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding non-living pathogens:
a) viruses have no nucleic acids (no DNA or RNA)
b) prions have no nucleic acids (no DNA or RNA)
c) viruses can be classified based on which organism they infect (host type)
d) bacteria can become infected by a virus called a bacteriophage
A
A
9
Q
Identify the base mutation:
original strand - ATTTTCGC
mutated strand- ATTTCGC
a)inversion
b)deletion
c)substitution
d)insertion
A
B
10
Q
chromosome shape: circular
pro or euk
A
pro
11
Q
chromosome shape: linear
pro or euk
A
euk
12
Q
few chromosomes
pro or euk
A
pro
13
Q
many chromosomes
pro or euk
A
euk
14
Q
significant non coding portions
euk or pro
A
eukaryotic
15
Q
histones present
pro or euk
A
Eukaryotic
16
Q
used for growth
meiosis or mitosis
A
mitosis
17
Q
used for making gametes
meiosis or mitosis
A
meiosis
18
Q
used for the replacement of old cells
meiosis or mitosis
A
mitosis
19
Q
diploid cells to start
both or mitosis
A
both
20
Q
haploid cells to start
neither or both
A
neither
21
Q
Why is it important for the daughter cells to divide a second time in meiosis?
a) the second division switches parts of matching chromatids to increase genetic variation.
b) the second division forms four identical cells to ensure that all offspring have the same traits.
c) the second division sorts chromosomes into cells that are the same as the parent cells.
d) the second division forms haploid cells that can combine with other haploid cells during fertilization
A
D
22
Q
identify the phenotype for a person who has a heterozygous genotype, where Medallion inheritance patterns are observed and brown eyes are dominant to blue.
a)BB
b)blue
c)bb
d)Bb
c) brown
A
D
23
Q
For ABO bloodtype, there are 3 versions of genes that could be inherited, these versions are reffered to as:
a)alleles
b) phenotype
c) dominants
d) chromatids
A
A
24
Q
In humans, skin colour is controlled by 6 different genes, this is an example of
a) pleiotropy
b)epistasis
c)polygenic inheritance
d)codominance
A
C
25
ABO blood type is an example of:
a) multiple alleles
b) codominance
c) incomplete dominance
d) all of the above
D
26
Human height is variable bases on many genes. A short woman and a tall male have children with significant variation. Human height is an example of:
a) continuous
b)dominant
c) discrete
d)non trait
A
27
In sex linked traits, who is more likely to become affected?
Males
28
In autosomal linked traits, who is more likely to become affected?
male and female are affected equally
29
It is possible to be heterozygous and show a recessive phenotype
true or false
false
30
it is possible for a male to be a carrier for a sex linked trait on the X chromosome
true or false
false
31
what are the 2 main requirements for gas exchange
1. respiratory surface area large enough to meet gas exchange requirements of the organism
2. moist environment because oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water
32
during inhalation, what condition are the intercostal muscles and diaphragm?
(relaxed or contracted)
Contracted
33
Which structure is shared by the respiratory and digestive system?
mouth and pharynx
34
which part of the respiratory system is made up of or contains cartilage ?
The trachea
35
During internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from the________ into the _________.
alveoli
blood
36
which person would you assume to have the largest lung capacity?
a) 20 yr old 5'11 male
b) 30 yr old woman 5'11
c) 6'0 male 70 yrs old
d) 5'5 female 15 yrs old
A
37
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding hepatitis?
a. There is an effective vaccine but few treatments and no cure once infected
b. Types B and C are transmitted via bodily fluids like blood/semen, so sex and IV drugs can transmit the virus that causes hepatitis between people
c. All variations of hepatitis are caused by different strains of the same virus
d. All of the above are correct
D
38
What macromolecule is best suited for easily metabolized "quick" energy?
Carbohydrates - glucose
39
What macromolecules supply the nitrogenous bases for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
40
What macromolecule aids the immune system in the form of antibodies
Antigens
41
under which class of macromolecules do hormones fall under?
Proteins, amino acids.
42
what of the following is incorrect about insulin and glucagon?
a. Both are secreted by the pancreas
b. Insulin lowers blood sugar, glucagon raises it
c. Both insulin and glucagon are hormones
d. Glucagon lowers blood sugar, insulin raises i
D
43
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the cell membrane?
a. Consists of a phospholipid bilayer with floating proteins and carbohydrates
b. Proteins act as channels for the transport of large molecules
c. Macromolecules are too large to pass through it unmetabolized via enzymatic hydrolysis
d. All of the above are correct
D
44
Which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched to the macromolecule it metabolizes :
a) pepsin - protein
b) amylase - carbohydrates
c) gastric lipase - lipids
d) pancreatic nuclease - lipids
A
45
Which of the following accessory organ is incorrectly matched with one of its functions?
Liver- produces bile
Gall bladder- holds bile
Salviary glands- secrete saliva
Pancreas- secretes bilirubin
Pancreas - secretes insulin
Pancreas - secretes bilirubin
46
Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulatory system?
a.Transportation of gases, nutrients and waste
b. Temperature regulation
c. Prevent blood loss
d. Make glucose
A
47
blood is drawn from _____, and blood pressure is taken from _________.
veins
upper arm over the major artery (brachial artery)
48
What is the difference between a gene and a chromosome?
gene- sequence of DNA, controls a trait/makes a protien
chromosome- structure of nucleic acids and protein that carries genetic info in the form of genes
49
Why does cancer risk increase with age?
Over time, the cells in our body can become damaged
chemicals from cigarette smoke
UV rays from the sun.
50
what is the major function of the alveoli?
where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the breathing process
51
3 features that make the alveoli suitable for their function
they give the lungs a really big surface area.
they have moist, thin walls (just one cell thick)
they have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries.
52
What is the major function of the villi? which organ are they found?
absorb nutrients from the liquid mixture called chyme produced in the stomach from the food we eat.
small intestine
53
2 features that make the villi suitable for its function:
have a wall one cell thick so the nutrients have a short distance to diffuse into the blood
have a large surface area to allow quicker diffusion.
54
Tidal Volume
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
55
Expiratory volume
measures how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath
56
Inspiratory volume
The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration.
57
Vital Capacity
the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation
58
Reserve Volume
the amount of air that remains in the lungs and passageways after a maximal expiration
59
Papillary Muscles
pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls
60
Pericardium
a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and helps it function properly
known as "great vessels"
include the aorta
61
Chordae Tendineae
inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.
62
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin contains iron, which allows it to pick up oxygen from the air we breathe and deliver it everywhere in the body
63
Red Blood Cell
carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies
64
Myocardium
the muscular tissue of the heart
65
Platelets
small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
66
Plasma
The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells
67
Ventricular Fibrillation
a type of irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
occurs when the electrical signals that tell your heart muscle to pump cause your ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead
68
Bradycardia
a condition where your heart beats fewer then 60 times in one minute
69
Systole
represents ventricular contraction/ejection
70
Arteriole
a very small blood vessel that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from your heart to your tissues and organs
71
Sinus Rhythm
the rhythm that originates from the sinus node and describes the characteristic rhythm of the healthy human heart.
72
Lumen
The cavity within a tubular organ such as a blood vessel or the intestine
73
Diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
74
Carries blood away from the heart:
Artery, Vein, Both
artery
75
Carries blood towards the heart
Artery, Vein, Both
vein
76
Three-layered wall:
Artery, Vein, Both
Both
77
Narrow Lumem
Artery, Vein, Both
Artery
78
Usually carrying deoxygenated blood
Artery, Vein, Both
Veins
79
Small varieties connect to capillaries
Artery, Vein, Both
Both
80
Valves present to prevent backflow
Artery, Vein, Both
Veins
81
If the esophagus and trachea were completely separated in humans, what structure would we not need?
The epiglottis
82
Which of the following in incorrect regarding diversity in organisms?
a) mutations are the only source of new variety in organisms
b) mutations in coding DNA are usually harmful
c)mutations in coding DNA are usually helpful
d) mutations in non coding DNA have no effect to the organism
C
83
In which type of cell would you expect a high rate of mitosis and why?
a) a developing embryo because its growing rapidly
b) a stomach lining cell, because your stomach is constantly growing
c)a neuron since neurological damage is easily reversed due to high rate of displacement
A
84
Which of the following is true about plasma? choose all that apply?
a)mostly water makes up 55% of blood, contains nutrients, antibodies, dissolved gases, hormones, urea.
b) makes up 25% of blood, contains mostly plasma cells
c) responsible for temperature regulation
A and C
85
Which of the following is incorrect regarding digestion?
a. Teeth are responsible for mastication which physically crushes food
b. The stomach is responsible for acidification and addition of pepsin to the bolus, producing chyme
c. Segmentation and peristaltic contractions in the stomach mix and mechanically digest food
d. The uvula and salivary glands secrete saliva that aids chemical digestion (amylase)
e. The pancreas and liver produce enzymes that are directly delivered to the large intestine for chemical digestion via the parietal cells
C
86
Influenza (flu) virus mutates at a very high rate. When someone becomes infected, symptoms are quick to begin. Which of the following is *correct* regarding influenza?
a. A vaccine would likely need reformulations, possibly yearly, to keep up with mutations
b .It is likely an RNA virus, entering the lytic cycle immediately as a result
c. It is likely a retrovirus, writing its RNA into DNA and becoming a provirus
d. Both A and C
e. Both A and B
E
87
Which condition describes a structural/functional heart defect someone is born with?
Congenital heart disease
88
What order does the heart contract?
Blood first enters the heart's right atrium.
A muscle contraction forces the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
When the right ventricle contracts, blood is forced through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery.
Then it travels to the lungs
89
What condition causes backflow of blood in cardiac circulation?
Mitral valve regurgitation
90
What condition might cause narrowing of the arteries?
atherosclerosis
plaque buildup
cholesterol
91
________ is a waste product of cellular respiration and _______ is a cellular metabolic waste which is toxic if it accumulates in blood
carbonic acid
ammonia
92
Same alleles for a gene?
sister chromatids, homologous pairs, or both?
both
93
Same gene order?
sister chromatids, homologous pairs, or both?
both
94
Originate from the same parent?
sister chromatids, homologous pairs, or both?
both
95
What do cyclins do in the cell?
a. Cyclins regulate whether the cell should move into subsequent cell cycle stages
b. Cyclins signal when it’s time to make proteins associated with specific cell cycle stages
c. Cyclins initiate protein synthesis
d .All of the above are true
D
96
Why is it important for the daughter cells to divide a second time in meiosis?
A. The second division switches parts of matching chromatids to increase genetic variation.
B. The second division forms four identical cells to ensure that all offspring have the same traits.
C. The second division sorts chromosomes into cells that are the same as the parent cells.
D. The second division forms haploid cells that can combine with other haploid cells during fertilization.
D
97
Which of the following best explains why meiosis results in greater genetic diversity than mitosis?
a. After meiosis, daughter cells are diploid and have twice as much genetic material, which can be divided in many more possible combinations.
b. After meiosis, haploid daughter cells are fertilized, which doubles their number of chromosomes and increases the number of possible genes.
c. During meiosis, crossing over produces unique combinations of maternal and paternal chromsomes
d. During meiosis, more daughter cells are produced, increasing the likelihood that fertilization will occur.
C
98
A woman has brown eyes. She has a child with a man who has browneyes. The child has blue eyes. If blue eyes are recessive to brown, and assuming Mendelian inheritance, what are the parental genotypes? What is the likelihood their next child would have blue eyes?
a. Bb and Bb, 50%
b. Both brown, 25%
c. Bb and Bb, 25%
d. One heterozygous, one homozygous, 25%
C
99
Pea plants can be tall or short, with no intermediate height for the heterozygote. Tall height is dominant, and heterozygotes will show the tall height. A pea plant must be homozygous for the recessive trait to show the short height. This is a....
a. Continuous trait
b. Polygenic trait
c. Discrete trait
d. Pleiotropic trait
C
100
In a flower, you find the colour alleles red and white are codominant. What phenotype is the heterozygote?
a. Red and white petals
b. Pink petals
c. Red petals
d. White petals
A
101
Which of the following best describes how the process of crossing over during meiosis leads to an increase in genetic diversity?
A. During prophase I, DNA replication takes place and homologous chromosomes trade places with each other before lining up in preparation for metaphase.
B. During prophase I, DNA segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes producing different combinations of alleles.
C. During prophase II, fragments of DNA break off of chromosomes and attach to the ends of other chromosomes, resulting in different gene sequences.
D. During prophase II, sister chromatids separate from each other, and as they travel to opposite ends of the cell, DNA segments of nearby chromosomes are exchanged
B
102
During gamete formation in meiosis, it should be equally likely that a person passes on either allele they possess for a trait. For example, a heterozygous person (Bb) has a 50% chance of passing on “B” to a gamete, and 50% passing “b” to a gamete, assuming no Mendelian exceptions or linkages are present.
a. True-due to law of segregation
b. True-due to law of independent assortment
c. False-due to law of segregation
d. False-due to law of independent assortment
A
103
During gamete formation in meiosis, the segregation of homologous pairs in Prophase I is random for every tetrad, assuming no linkages or other inheritance patterns. This creates significant variation in the resulting gametes.
a. True-due to law of segregation
b. True-due to law of independent assortment
c. False-due to law of segregation
d. False-due to law of independent assortment.
B
104
At a crime scene, blood is found that is type B. The victim is known to be type A. Three suspects are involved. Who is the most likely to have been involved?
A. Suspect one, who has type B blood
B. Suspect two, who has type AB blood
C. Suspect three, who has type A
B
105
In a paternity suit, a man has type O blood. The baby has AB blood. The mother has type B. Can he be the father?
yes, no, only if the is father heterozygous, only if both the mom and dad are heterozygous.
No
106
In a paternity suit, the dad and mom both have type O blood and the baby has type B. Is it possible for the dad to be the real father?
yes
no chance
only if hes heterozygous
only if hes homozygous
Only if hes homo
107
For eye colour, assume our population consists of 10 heterozygotes, 5 homozygous dominant, and 1 recessive. B is the allele for the dominant trait, brown. b is the allele for the recessive trait, blue. Select the correct response:
Heterozygote genotype: Bb, BB, bb
Homozygous genotype: BB or bb, BB, Bb or BB
Frequency of B: 62%, 90%, 10%
Frequency of b: 38%, 10%, 90%
Bb
BB or bb
62%
38%
108
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
a)autoimmune inflammation of the intestine
b)sores in the stomach lining caused by a virus
c)inflammation of liver caused by bacteria
C
109
Peptic Ulcer
a) sores in the stomach lining caused by virus
b) autoimmune inflammation of intestine
c)sores in the lining of the stomach caused by a bacteria, H pylori
C
110
Type 1 Diabetes
a)make insulin but become resistant to it- caused by lifestyle factors/genetics
b) inibility to make insulin- born with condition
c) cant make insulin due to being born without pancreas
A
111
Hepatitis A
a) caused by a virus transmitted through sex or drug use (needles)
b) caused by bacteria through sex or drug use
c) transmitted through food and water
d) born with disease
A
112
Jaundice
a)liver cirrhosis
b)peptic ulcer
c)diabetes
A
113
Diarrhea
a) too much water absorbed in the intestine
b) liver cirrhosis
c)peptic ulcer
d) not enough water absorbed in large intestine
D
114
Constipation
a)not enough water absorbed in large intestine
b) diabetes
c) too much water in intestine
C
115
Excessive thirst/urination
a)peptic ulcer
b)too much/little water absorbed in large intestine
c)liver cirrhosis
d)diabetes
D
116
An organism is identified as having an open circulatory system. You would expect:
a)hemolymph is to be separate from blood, most likely an invertebrate organism
b)blood and interstitial fluid are combined forming hemolymph which bathes tissues directly
c) blood and interstitial fluid are combined to form hemolymph which is contained in vessels, most likely a vertebrate organism
d) blood and interstitial fluid are separated in blood vessels, most likely vertebrate organism
C
117
describe the position of the trachea and the esophagus. how do they differ in structure and does it suit their function?
trachea sits in your lower neck and upper chest, below your larynx
esophagus behind the trachea (windpipe) and in front of the spine
The esophagus is smaller than the trachea and lacks cartilage.
the back of the trachea is softer to allow the esophagus to expand when a person is eating
118
explain how the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory system all function together to allow cellular respiration to occur, include equation.
cellular respiration is the process cells use to make energy.
glucose + oxygen ---> energy + carbon dioxide + water
digestive provides glucose from food
respiratory system provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
circulatory system transports glucose, cell waste, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to and from cells
