Bio Final Key Terms 1 Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Double Helix
A
- Founded by Watson and Crick
- Base Pairing: The “rungs” of the ladder are made of base pairs—A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. This pairing is key for copying DNA.
2
Q
Stabilizing Selection
A
Favors average phenotypes
3
Q
Viral Load
A
- Viral load is the amount of virus in a person’s body, usually measured in blood.
- A higher viral load often means the person is more sick or more likely to spread the virus.
4
Q
CD4
A
- What it is: CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system fight infections.
- Why it matters: A low CD4 count means the immune system is weak, which is important in diseases like HIV.
5
Q
Homeotherms
A
Organisms that CAN regulate their body temperature
6
Q
Flagella
A
(In bacteria) anchored in plasma membrane helps them move through fluids
7
Q
Point of Insertion
A
a specific location within a DNA sequence or a chromosome where a genetic change, such as an insertion, has occurred
8
Q
Intracellular Matrix
A
- What it is: The intracellular matrix is the fluid and material inside a cell, around the organelles.
- Why it matters: It helps support cell parts, lets things move inside the cell, and is important for cell function.
9
Q
Trachea
A
- Respiratory
- Conduct air from pharynx to lungs
10
Q
Aorta
A
- What it is: The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
- Why it matters: It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
11
Q
Speciation
A
- Allopatric, Sympatric, and Parapatric
12
Q
Allopatric Specication
A
- A population is physically split into 2 groups due to geographic isolation
- If 2 environments differ, selective pressures of each subpopulation will differ
- Differential reproduction will result as different variations are favored in each environment
13
Q
Sympatric
A
- Different species are developing in the same location, not split geographically
- Happens when individuals in the population only choose specific others to reproduce with, which makes them reproductively isolated from other organisms to the point of different speciation
14
Q
Peripatric
A
- Like allopatric, population is split by geographic isolation
- 2nd new population is smaller and has more limited range of variations
- 2nd population is more likely to exhibit Founders Effect
15
Q
Vibrio
A
- Comma shaped bacteria
16
Q
Anticodon
A
- What it is: An anticodon is a group of three bases on a tRNA molecule.
- Why it matters: It matches with a codon on mRNA to help add the correct amino acid during protein building.
17
Q
Spleen
A
- Circulatory
- Located in abdomen/used to recycle red blood corpuscles
18
Q
Virulence Trade-Off Theory
A
- association of virulence with different pathogen fitness traits
- increasing a pathogen’s virulence (the harm it causes to its host) can negatively impact its ability to spread (transmission)
19
Q
Rugae
A
- What it is: Rugae are folds or wrinkles inside certain organs, like the stomach.
- Why it matters: They let the organ expand when needed, like when your stomach fills with food.
20
Q
Adaptive Radiation
A
- From one ancestral form, another form can develop
- “Descent with modification”
- From one ancestral species, other forms have diverged to match characteristics of their environment
- Species are changing over time
21
Q
Zone of Inhibition
A
- What it is: It’s the clear area around an antibiotic on a petri dish where bacteria can’t grow.
- Why it matters: It shows how well the antibiotic stops bacteria from growing.
22
Q
Autosome
A
- What it is: Autosomes are the chromosomes that carry most of your genes and are not related to determining sex.
- Why it matters: They control most of your body’s traits, like hair color or height, unlike sex chromosomes that decide if you’re male or female.
23
Q
Lamark
A
- Who he is: Lamarck was a scientist who first suggested that organisms can pass on traits they acquire during their life to their offspring.
- Why it matters: Although his idea was mostly wrong, he helped start the study of how species change over time (evolution).
24
Q
Hardy- Weinberg Eqilibirum
A
- No change in allele frequency = no evolution
- Key point: individuals do not evolve; populations evolve
25
Exocrine
- What it is: Exocrine refers to glands that release substances through ducts to the outside of the body or into body cavities.
- Why it matters: These glands make things like sweat, saliva, or digestive juices, which help with cooling, digestion, and more.
26
Aneuploidy
- What it is: Aneuploidy is when a cell has the wrong number of chromosomes—too many or too few.
- Why it matters: It can cause genetic disorders, like Down syndrome, which happens from an extra copy of chromosome 21.
27
Acetylation
- What it is: Acetylation is when an acetyl group is added to a molecule, often to DNA or proteins.
- Why it matters: In DNA, it can TURN GENES ON by loosening how tightly DNA is packed, making it easier to read.
28
Degeneration
- Organism lacks specific tissues or organs for the tasks of that system
- Often, this is because the environment provides the services of that system
29
Homologous Structures
- Similar structures modified for different purposes
- Evidence of divergent evolution
30
Centromere
- What it is: The centromere is the part of a chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together.
- Why it matters: It’s important during cell division, because it’s where the spindle fibers attach to pull the chromatids apart.
31
Watson & Crick
Discovered that DNA was a DOUBLE helix
32
Guanine
- What it is: Guanine is one of the four bases in DNA and RNA.
- Why it matters: In DNA, guanine always pairs with cytosine (C) to help store genetic information.
33
Clade
- What it is: A clade is a group of organisms that share a common ancestor.
- Why it matters: It helps scientists understand evolution and how species are related over time.
34
DNA Ligase
- What it is: DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins pieces of DNA together.
- Why it matters: It’s important for DNA repair and for sealing gaps during DNA replication.
35
Index Fossil
- fossils that are used in relative dating due to limited range of existence (time)
- If unknown fossil is found in same strata as index fossil →assumed the same age
36
Enucleation
- What it is: Enucleation means removing the nucleus from a cell.
- Why it matters: It’s used in cloning and some medical procedures, like removing a damaged eye.
37
Permian Extinction
- What it is: The Permian Extinction was the biggest mass extinction in Earth’s history, about 252 million years ago.
- Why it matters: It wiped out around 90% of all species, clearing the way for new life forms like dinosaurs to evolve later.
38
Miocene
- What it is: The Miocene is a geologic time period that happened about 23 to 5 million years ago.
- Why it matters: During the Miocene, many modern plants and animals appeared, and important changes in climate and landscapes happened.
39
Embryology
- What it is: Embryology is the study of how animals and plants develop before birth.
- Why it matters: It helps us understand how organisms grow and change, and shows how different species are related.
40
Phenotype
- What it is: Phenotype is the physical traits you can see, like eye color, height, or hair type.
- Why it matters: It shows how your genes and environment work together to shape what you look like or how your body works.
41
Percent Deviation
What it is: Percent deviation shows how much a value is different from the expected or average value, expressed as a percentage.
42
Bacteriophage
viruses that only infect specific strains of bacteria.
43
Founder's Effect
individuals with specific traits will influence how the future population will turn out.
44
Silent Mutation
- What it is: A silent mutation is a change in DNA that doesn’t change the protein made.
- Why it matters: Even though the DNA changes, it usually doesn’t affect how the organism works.
45
Zygote
- What it is: A zygote is the first cell formed when a sperm and egg join.
- Why it matters: It’s the start of a new organism and will divide to grow into a baby or plant.
46
Endospore
- What it is: An endospore is a tough, protective shell that some bacteria make to survive harsh conditions.
- Why it matters: It helps bacteria stay alive when things get too hot, dry, or dangerous.
47
Cenozoic
66.4 mya -present
48
Uracil
- What it is: Uracil is one of the four bases in RNA (instead of thymine in DNA).
- Why it matters: It pairs with adenine during protein-making in cells.
49
Staphlyo
- What it is: “Staphylo-” means bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes.
- Why it matters: It helps identify types of bacteria, like Staphylococcus, which can cause infections.
50
Chitin
- What it is: Chitin is a strong, flexible material that makes up the outer shells of insects, crabs, and fungi cell walls.
- Why it matters: It protects these organisms and gives them structure and support
51
Capsule
- What it is: A capsule is a protective outer layer found on some bacteria.
- Why it matters: It helps bacteria avoid the immune system and stick to surfaces, making them harder to kill.
52
Gonad
- Reproduction
- Production of gametes
53
Helper T-Cells
in charge/coordinate immune response
54
Killer T Cells
attackers (killer T Cells)
55
B-Cell
make antibodies, remember what you got in the past
56
Vagina
- Reproductive
- Passageway to external environment
57
Villi
- What they are: Villi are tiny, finger-like projections lining the small intestine.
- Why they matter: They increase surface area to help the body absorb more nutrients from food.
58
Coccus
single little bacteria circle
59
Emulsification
- What it is: Emulsification is when fats are broken into tiny droplets so they can mix with water.
- Why it matters: It helps enzymes digest fats better in your body, especially in the small intestine.
60
Pilus
- What it is: A pilus is a tiny hair-like structure on the surface of some bacteria.
- Why it matters: It helps bacteria stick to surfaces or transfer DNA to other bacteria.
61
Lamark
- Who he is: Lamarck was a scientist who suggested that organisms can pass on traits they acquire during their lifetime to their offspring.
- Why it matters: Although his idea was later proven mostly wrong, he was one of the first to try explaining how species change over time (evolution).
62
Ureter
- Excretory
- Conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder
63
Disruptive Selection
Both extreme phenotypes are favored
64
Duodenum
Digestive
First section of the small intestine
65
Ventricular Septum
- Circulatory
- Separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricles
66
Thoracic Cavity
- What it is: The thoracic cavity is the chest space inside your body.
- Why it matters: It holds important organs like the heart and lungs and protects them with the rib cage.
67
Gradualism
slow, incremental changes in allele frequency and phenotype over time
68
tRNA
- What it is: tRNA (transfer RNA) is a molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein making.
- Why it matters: It helps match the right amino acid to the mRNA code to build proteins correctly.
69
Plasmid
- What it is: A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.
- Why it matters: It can carry extra genes, like those for antibiotic resistance, and can be shared between bacteria.
70
Transcription
- What it is: Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- Why it matters: It’s the first step in making proteins, which are important for how cells work.
