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Freshman Year > Bio Final Review Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Bio Final Review Pt. 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Herbivores would be where in the trophic level pyramid?

A

The 2nd trophic level (Primary consumers)

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2
Q

How do omnivores get energy?

A

By eating plants and animals

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3
Q

How do producers get energy?

A

Through photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

An organism that breaks down dead plants and animals

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5
Q

The physical location that an organism lives in is known as what?

A

Habitat

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6
Q

When an organism has adapted to fulfill a specific role in an ecosystem?

A

Niche

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7
Q

What is the definition of a community in an ecosystem?

A

All the different species of living organisms that live and interact in a specific area

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8
Q

List the levels of organization in an ecosystem from smallest to largest

A

individual, population, community, ecosystem

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9
Q

The struggle between individuals or populations for a limited resource is?

A

Competition

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10
Q

A close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one organism is called?

A

Symbiosis

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11
Q

Where both species benefit in a symbiotic relationship?

A

Mutualism

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12
Q

Where one benefits and the other is harmed in a symbiotic relationship?

A

Parasitism

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13
Q

Where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

A

Commensalism

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14
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that can’t make their own food.

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15
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that can make their own food

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16
Q

A keystone species is…

A

An organism that plays a big role in biodiversity

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17
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

When there is a variety of things in an ecosystem

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18
Q

Where would you find mucus membranes?

A

Wherever there are openings in the skin

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19
Q

What is a pathogen that needs a host cell in order to replicate?

A

Virus

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20
Q

Bacteria on the skin and GI tract act as what type of barrier?

A

Biological Barriers

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21
Q

What type of barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body?

A

Mechanical Barriers

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22
Q

Sweat, tears, and saliva act as what type of barrier?

A

Chemical Barriers

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23
Q

Signs of the inflammatory response are…

A

Pain, redness, warmth and swollen

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24
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

They are white blood cells that fight infections and get rid of debris

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25
What is the first step in the inflammatory response?
Cytokines and histamines are released
26
The inflammatory response is part of what line of defense?
The secondary line of defense
27
Which type of defense is the same no matter what type of pathogen is involved?
Non-specific
28
The major types of lymphocytes are...
B-cells and T-cells
29
Which letter does the antibody resemble?
Y
30
Which cells are activated B-cells that secrete antibodies?
Plasma cells
31
If a body encounters a pathogen for the second time, which are the cells that respond quickly?
Memory cells
32
An antibody can interact with how many different types of antigens?
one type
33
Which type of cells produce antibodies?
Plasma cells
34
What is the function of a helper T-cell?
They help activate and direct other immune cells
35
Which line of defense is the humoral response?
3rd line of defense
36
What do cytokines do in the humoral response?
Activate B-cells and help cells communicate with each other
37
What is the secondary line defense mechanism?
The inflammatory response
38
What do cytokines and histamines do?
They communicate with other cells and coordinate the inflammatory response. They signal where the pathogens are.
39
Where can antigens be found?
On the surface of B-cells after they eat the antigen
40
What does T-cell activation begin with?
The cell has to be presented with an antigen
41
What do Killer-T cells do?
Destroy pathogens and infected cells
42
Which cells engulf a pathogen and display fragments on their cell surface?
B-cells/ Non-specific leukocytes
43
What is a Naive T-cell?
A cell that hasn't been showed an antigen
44
Which type of T-cells is involved in stopping the immune response after a pathogen has been eliminated?
Regulatory T-cells
45
What line of defense is the cell-mediated response?
3rd line of defense
46
What allows the body to remember a pathogen in case it comes again?
Memory cells
47
What type of immunity allows antibodies to be transferred from mother to child through breast milk?
Passive immunity
48
Which is true about passive immunity?
It lasts as long as the antibodies survive in the body fluids
49
What is an example of active immunity?
Vaccines or getting sick and then recovering
50
Why are weakened versions of a pathogen injected in people for vaccines?
To build active immunity without getting sick
51
A disease that is caused by an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen is...?
an allergy
52
Allergy medicine often reduces the effects of...
histamines
53
Allergies are due to the body overreacting to a harmless...?
antigen
54
How does blood flow through the chambers of the heart?
Right atrium(deoxygenated), right ventricle(oxygenated), lungs, left atrium(oxygenated), left ventricle(oxygenated), aorta, the rest of the body
55
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
To pump blood carrying oxygen and nutrients around the body, it also removes waste
56
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart and veins carry blood TOWARD the heart
57
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
They connect very small arteries and veins and exchange gases with cells
58
What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?
To make sure blood flows in the right direction
59
How does the circulatory system help maintain homeostasis in the body?
By adjusting the blood flow. Veins and arteries expand and contract.
60
How does the circulatory system regulate body temperature?
By adjusting blood flow
61
What is blood pressure, and how is it measured?
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is measured in 2 numbers.
62
Explain the role of the immune system related to the circulatory system
The immune system maintains the health of the circulatory system and responds to threats
63
How does the circulatory system transport nutrients and waste products?
Through the bloodstream
64
How is a heart attack related to the circulatory system?
It's related because a heart attack is when the blood flow to the heart is blocked.
65
How does smoking affect the circulatory system?
It increases risk of heart disease and other circulatory issues
66
What do pulmonary arteries do?
They carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
67
What do pulmonary veins doe?
They carry oxygenated blood to the heart
68
What is atherosclerosis?
A disease that is caused by a build up of plaque that leads to high cholesterol
69
What is high blood pressure?
When the forces on the walls of veins and arteries are harder
70
Why do veins have valves in it?
To prevent blood from going backwards
71
What do alveoli do?
They are tiny air sacs that exchange oxygen and CO2
72
Which structure allows food and air to pass through?
Pharynx
73
The larynx is also known as what?
the voice box
74
Connected to the trachea are two what?
Two bronchi
75
At the end of bronchioles what structures will you find?
You will find alveoli
76
What does diffusion mean?
When gas moves from high concentration to low concentration
77
What is pulmonary gas exchange?
Where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged, this happens in the alveoli
78
What is peripheral gas exchange?
When oxygen and CO2 are exchanged between blood and the body's tissues
79
How is the diaphragm related to the respiratory system?
It is related to the respiratory system because it contracts and relates when you breath in and out.
80
When does your diaphragm contracts and when does it relax?
It contracts/moves down when you breath in and it relaxes/moves up when you breath out

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