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Bio I - 1 > Bio I - 9 > Flashcards

Bio I - 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to do work and to cause change.

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2
Q

Do living cells require energy to complete their tasks?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Where do plants obtain their energy from?

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Where do other organisms obtain their energy from?

A

Cellular respiration

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5
Q

Energy flows into an ecosystem as _____ And exits as _______.


A

Sunlight
Heat

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6
Q

What does photosynthesis produce?

A

Oxygen and organic molecules

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7
Q

What uses photosynthesis products for its reactants?

A

The mitochondria well then use the oxygen and organic molecules that is produced by photosynthesis as fuel for cellular respiration. 

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8
Q

What is the end product of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water, andcomplete they’re used for photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

They are metabolic pathways that break down molecules and release stored energy in the process.

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10
Q

True or false: cellular respiration involves anabolic pathways

A

False
Catabolic

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11
Q

Organic compounds have potential energy in cellular respiration as a result of what?

A

The transfer of electrons from molecules used in fuel

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12
Q

What is key to releasing the stored energy?

A

The specific arrangement of electrons in the bonds between atoms

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13
Q

True or false: compounds that can participate in enderGonic reactions can act as fuels

A

False
Exergonic

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14
Q

A cell degrades organic molecules rich in potential energy to simpler waste products which have less energy all through the use of _________. 

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

Enzymes _______ ____ the reaction but do not ________ the reaction.

A

Speed up
Change

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16
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic molecules used as fuel. 

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17
Q

In Greek, what does aerobic mean?

A

Air life

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18
Q

True or false: most eukaryotic and many prokaryotic cells do not carry out aerobic respiration.

A

False
They do

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19
Q

Organic compounds + O2 ——>

A

CO2 + H2O + energy

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20
Q

What can be processed as fuel?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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21
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy (ATP + heat)

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22
Q

What is starch and what can it be broken down into?

A

It is a major source of carbohydrates and it can be broken down into glucose.

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23
Q

Is the breakdown of glucose exergonic or endogonic?

A

Exergonic

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24
Q

What is fermentation also called?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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25
Q

What is fermentation?

A

It is a catabolic pathway, however, it is only a partial degradation of sugars or organic compounds and it does not involve the use of oxygen. 

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26
Q

True or false: fermentation is more efficient and will yield more energy then aerobic respiration.

A

False
It is less efficient and will yield less energy.

27
Q

What is it called when some prokaryotes can use substances other than oxygen to complete a process similar to aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration

28
Q

Does cellular respiration involves both aerobic and anaerobic processes?

A

Yes but it is often referred to as an aerobic respiration. 

29
Q

What do catabolic pathways that degrade glucose and other organic compounds for fuels yield energy through?

A

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions. 

30
Q

What is the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another called?

A

Oxidation – reduction reactions or redox reactions

31
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons from one substance to another. 

32
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons from one substance to another.

33
Q

The electron donor is the…?


A

Reducing agent

34
Q

The electron recipient is the…?

A

The oxidizing agent

35
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

It converts the chemical energy of glucose to the chemical energy of ATP

36
Q

The mitochondria contain both an inter-membrane and an outer membrane. The inner membrane is folded into little shelves called?

A

Cristae

37
Q

What do the cristae project into?

A

The mitochondrial matrix- an inner space filled with gel like fluid. This contains many enzymes used for breaking down glucose products.

38
Q

What happens at the Cristae?

A

ATP production

39
Q

What are the four stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

Where do each stage of cellular respiration take place in the cell?

A

Glycolysis – cytosol (Which is the aqueous portion of the cell cytoplasm)
Pyruvate oxidation And citric acid cycle– in eukaryotes this takes place just inside the mitochondria. In prokaryotes this takes place in the cytosol.
Oxidative phosphorylation – and eukaryotes this takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. And prokaryotes this takes place in the plasma membrane. 

41
Q

Does glycolysis require energy?

A

No

42
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

“Sugar splitting” - Glucose, a six ring carbon sugar split into 2 3-carbon sugars. These are then oxidized and the atoms are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate.

43
Q

What is the net ATP per pyruvate molecule In glycolysis?

A

2 per pyruvate

44
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment phase were ATP is used
Energy pay our phase where we yield ATP

45
Q

Where is most of the energy stockpiled?

A

And the two pyruvate‘s

46
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate of eukaryotic cell enter mitochondria via active transport where oxidation is completed. In prokaryotic cells that do aerobic respiration this is done in the cytosol.

47
Q

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

A

 in the mitochondrion, pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme a. Pyruvate carboxyl group is fully oxidized and is given off as a molecule of carbon dioxide. The remaining two carbon fragment is oxidized and electrons are transferred to NAD plus and the energy is stored as NADH. CoA, which contain sulfur is attached via the sulfur atom to the two carbon intermediate and now we have acetyl CoA. 

48
Q

What is the citric acid cycle also called?

A

The Krebs cycle

49
Q

Where does the enzymatic reactions occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

50
Q

What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?

A

To complete the breakdown of glucose by breaking the remaining carbon bonds. As a reactions progress, carbon dioxide is released, ATP is produced, and the remaining Electrons in hydrogen are carried by NADH in a similar molecule called FAD H2. 

51
Q

What is the total yield before the electron transport chain?

A

6 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

52
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain. It accounts for 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration. 

53
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP as opposed to adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP as an oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can generate ATP through substrate level phosphorylation. 

54
Q

More specifically where is the electron transport chain located?

A

In the Cristae

55
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

They are the remaining electron carriers that are proteins and they are part of a prosthetic group called a heme group which has an iron atom that accepts and donates electrons. 

56
Q

What is chemosmosis?

A

Energy stored in the form of hydrogen is used to drive cellular work such as ATP synthesis

57
Q

What is the net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

26-28 ATP

58
Q

What is fermentation?

A

It is the glycolysis plus reactions to regenerate NAD plus by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate

59
Q

Is fermentation anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

60
Q

When there is no oxygen present what happens to the electron transport chain?

A

It becomes inoperative because oxygen is not available to accept electrons

61
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

62
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol

63
Q

What does lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactase as an end product, regenerating NAD plus, with no release of carbon dioxide

Bio I - 1 (10 decks)

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