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Bio I - 1 > Bio I - 4 > Flashcards

Bio I - 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are living organisms mostly consisting of?

A

Carbon based compounds

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2
Q

What ability makes carbon unparalleled…

A

It’s ability to form large complex and varied molecules

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3
Q

What is composed of carbon?

A

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules

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4
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

It is the study of compounds that contain carbon

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5
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have? And how many covalent bonds can carbon therefore form?

A

4
4

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6
Q

What are functional groups?

A

They are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

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7
Q

What are some common functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life?

A

Hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, sulfhydryl group, phosphate group

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8
Q

What is ATP?

A

An important organic phosphate is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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9
Q

What does ATP consist of?

A

Adenosine (an organic molecule) attached to a string of three phosphate groups

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10
Q

What does ATP store the potential to react with?

A

Water- this reaction releases energy to be used by the cell

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11
Q

How many classes of large biological molecules are all living things made of?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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12
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

They are large molecules and are complex

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13
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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14
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

It occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

When polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis which is a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They include sugars in the polymers of sugars

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17
Q

What are the simplest carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, or simple sugars

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18
Q

What are carbohydrate macromolecules?

A

Polysaccharides, polymers composed the many sugar building blocks

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19
Q

What is the typical molecular formula for monosaccharide?

A

Multiples of CH2O

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20
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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21
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton in the location of functional groups

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22
Q

What does monosaccharide serve as?

A

A major fuel for cells
And
Raw material for building molecules

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23
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar

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24
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

It is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

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25
Q

What is the Glycosidic linkage?

A

The covalent bond between two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide

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26
Q

Monosaccharide and disaccharide are simple sugars- true or false

A

True

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27
Q

Polysaccharides (three or more) are complex sugars. True or false

A

True

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28
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

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29
Q

The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its?

A

Sugar monomers in the positions of its glycosidic linkages 

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30
Q

What is starch?

A

Storage polysaccharide of plants consists entirely of glucose monomers

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31
Q

What is glycogen?

A

It is a storage polysaccharide in animals

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32
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Mainly and liver and muscle cells

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33
Q

What does the hydrolysis of glycogen in the cells result in?

A

Release of glucose when the demand for sugar increases

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34
Q

What is cellulose?

A

It’s a polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plants cells

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35
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers

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36
Q

What are the unifying features of lipids?

A

They mix poorly, if at all, with water

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37
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic and why?

A

Hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which form nonpolar covalent bonds

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38
Q

What are the most biologically important lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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39
Q

What are fats constructed of?

A

From two types of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids

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40
Q

What is glycerol?

A

Glycerol is a three carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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41
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

It consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

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42
Q

_____________ vary in length (number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds

A

Fatty acids

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43
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

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44
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

They have one or more double bond

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45
Q

What are fats made from saturated fatty acids called?

A

Saturated fats

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46
Q

What state of matter are saturated fats?

A

They are solid at room temperature

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47
Q

True or false - most animal fats are saturated

A

True

48
Q

What are fats made from unsaturated fatty acids called?

A

Unsaturated fats or oils

49
Q

What state of matter are unsaturated fats or oils?

A

They are liquid at room temperature

50
Q

True or false plant fat and fish fats are usually unsaturated

A

True

51
Q

What contributes the most to cardiovascular disease?

A

Trans fats

52
Q

What is the major function of a fat?

A

Energy storage

53
Q

What do humans and other mammals do with their fat cells?

A

Store there long term food reserves

54
Q

What other function do fat tissues have?

A

They cushion vital organs and insulate the body

55
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

It consists of two fatty acids in a phosphate group that are attached to a glycerol

56
Q

Are the two fatty acid tails of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

57
Q

The phosphate group and it’s attachments form a __________

A

Hydrophilic head

58
Q

What happens when phospholipids are added to water?

A

They self assemble into double layered structures called bilayers

59
Q

What does a surface of a cell look like?

A

Phospholipids are also arranged in a bilayer with the hydrophobic tails pointing towards the interior

60
Q

What does the structure of phospholipids result in?

A

A bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes

61
Q

What are steroids?

A

They are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

62
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

It is a type of steroid, is a component an animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

63
Q

What may happen if there is a high level of cholesterol in the blood?

A

This may lead to cardiovascular disease

64
Q

How much of the dry mass of the most cells do proteins account for?

A

More than 50%

65
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are proteins that speed up chemical reactions

66
Q

What are other functions of proteins?

A

defense,
Storage,
Transport,
Cellular communication,
Movement,
Structural support

67
Q

What do enzymes act as?

A

Catalysts 

68
Q

Can enzymes perform their functions repeatedly?

A

Yes

69
Q

What are proteins all constructed from?

A

The same set of 20 amino acids

70
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

They are unbranched polymers built from these amino acids

71
Q

What is a protein?

A

It is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide

72
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

73
Q

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains called…

A

R groups

74
Q

Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called?

A

Peptide bonds

75
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

It is a polymer of amino acids

76
Q

What does each polypeptide have?

A

A unique linear sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end and an amino end

77
Q

What does a specific activities of proteins results from?

A

Their intricate three dimensional architecture

78
Q

What is a functional protein?

A

It consists of one or more polypeptide’s precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

79
Q

What does a proteins structure determines?

A

How it will work

80
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Is its unique sequence of amino acids

81
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

It is found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

82
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

It is determined by interactions among various side chains

83
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

Results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

84
Q

What do the coils and folds of secondary structure result from?

A

hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

85
Q

What are secondary structures typically positioned like?

A

A coil called a helix and a folded structure called a b pleated sheet

86
Q

In a tertiary structure, the overall shape of a polypeptide results from?

A

Interactions between R groups

87
Q

The interactions between R groups in a tertiary structure include-

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and Vanderwaals interactions 

88
Q

What are disulfide bridges?

A

They are strong covalent bonds that may reinforce the proteins structure

89
Q

What does a quaternary structure result from?

A

When two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

90
Q

What is an example of a quaternary structure?

A

Hemoglobin.
It is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides, to Alpha and two beta chains

91
Q

In addition to primary structure _________ and __________ can affect structure. 

A

Physical and chemical conditions

92
Q

What can cause a protein to unravel?

A

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors

93
Q

What is it called when a protein loses its native structure?

A

Denaturation

94
Q

A Denatured protein is ___________ ___________

A

Biologically inactive

95
Q

What is a gene?

A

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by unit of inheritance called a gene

96
Q

Genes consist of _______ which is…

A

DNA
A nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

97
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

The store transmit and help express hereditary information

98
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

99
Q

What does DNA and (m)RNA do?
What is this process called?

A

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA and through mRNA, controls protein synthesis. (Gene expression)

100
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A

DNA—> RNA—> protein

101
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

They are polymers called poly nucleotides

102
Q

What is each poly nucleotide made of?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

103
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

104
Q

What is the portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group called?

A

Nucleoside
(Nucleoside = nitrogenous base + sugar)

105
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidines and purines

106
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine thymine and uracil. They have a single six membered ring

107
Q

What are purines?

A

Adenine and guanine. They have a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring

108
Q

What is the sugar in DNA and what is the sugar in RNA?

A

Deoxyribose
Ribose 

109
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside + phosphate group

110
Q

What are adjacent nucleotides joined by?

A

Phosphodiester linkage

111
Q

What forms DNA double helix?

A

The two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis

112
Q

What does the anti-parallel arrangement refer to for DNA’s structure?

A

The backbones run in opposite 5’ —> 3’ directions from each other 

113
Q

Which bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds?
What is this process called?

A

Adenine and thymine
Guanine and cytosine 
Complementary base pairing

114
Q

RNA, in contrast to DNA is _______ stranded.

A

Single

115
Q

What does uracil replace in RNA?

A

Thymine

116
Q

What else is replaced in RNA compared to DNA?

A

Deoxyribose is replaced by ribose

Bio I - 1 (10 decks)

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