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Bio 122: Marine Biology > Bio Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Porifera (Sponges)

A

No tissues/organs, spicules, filter feeders via choanocytes

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2
Q

Cnidaria

A

Radial symmetry, nematocysts (stinging cells), polyp/medusa forms (jellyfish, coral)

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3
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworm)

A

Bilteral symmetry, blind gut (no anus), parasitic or free-living

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4
Q

Annelida (Segmented worms)

A

Segmented bodies, parapodia (bristle bearing appendages), closed circulatory system (polychaetes)

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5
Q

Mollusca

A

Muscular foot, radula (rasping tongue), mantle (secretes shell)

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6
Q

Bivalvia

A

Two shells, filter feeders (clams, mussels)

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7
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Tentacles, ink sacs, chromatophores (squid, octopus)

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8
Q

Arthropoda

A

Exoskeleton (chitin), jointed appendages

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9
Q

Crustacea

A

Two pairs of antennar (crabs and barnacles)

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10
Q

Echinodermata

A

Water vascular system, tube feet, pentaradial symmetry (sea stars, sea urchins)

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11
Q

Chordata

A

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, includes tunicates (sea squirts) and lancelets

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12
Q

Habitat (Sessiles)

A

Attached to substrate (sponges, barnacles)

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13
Q

Habitat (Benthic)

A

Bottom dwelling (polychaete, sand dollars)

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14
Q

Habitat (Planktonic)

A

Drifting, jellyfish, and copecods

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15
Q

Sponge spicules

A

Provide structural support, made of silica or calcium carbonate

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16
Q

Sea star structures

A

Madreporite (water intake), tube feet (locomotion), and pedicellariae (clean debris)

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17
Q

Squid anatomy

A

Chromatophores (color change), siphone (jet propulsion), beak (prey capture)

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18
Q

Cartilagtinuous Fish (Chrondichthyes)
Examples

A

Leopard shark, bat ray, horn shark

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19
Q

Cartilagtinuous Fish (Chrondichthyes)
Features

A

Placoid scales, heterocercal tail, claspers (males), spiral valve intestine

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20
Q

Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)
Example

A

Garibaldi, California halibut, opaleye

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21
Q

Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)
Feature

A

Cycloid/cetenoid scales, homocercal tail, swim bladder

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22
Q

Anatomical comparison
Shark fish

A

No swim bladder (oil in liver for buoyancy), internal fertilization, spiral valve

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23
Q

Anatomical comparison
Bony fish

A

Swim bladder for buoyancy, external fertilization, straight intestine

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24
Q

Anatomical comparison
Male and Female Fish

A

Males has claspers near pelvic finds, females lack clasper

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25
Key structures Shark spiracle
Remnant gill slit in benthic shark, pumps, water over gills, when stationary
26
Key structures Bony Fish Swim Bladder
Allows energy-efficient depth control
27
Infaunal
Burrowers (clams)
28
Epifaunal
Surface-dwellers (sand crabs)
29
Wave Action
Open beaches have coarse sand, low organic matter, closed beaches have fine sediment, higher biodiversity
30
Adaptation (Burrowing)
Clams use muscular feet, sand crab use jointed legs
31
Adaptation (Desiccation Avoidance)
Snails seal shells with operculum, polocharte retreat into tubes
32
Open beach (Naples)
Low diversity (sand crab, mussels), coarse sediment, high wave energy
33
Closed beach (Alamitos Bay)
Higher diversity (bean clams, eelgrass), calm water, detritus rich mud
34
Salt Marsh Adaptation: Plants
Salt tolerance (cordgrass)
35
Salt Marsh Adaptation: Animals
Niche partritioning (fiddler crabs feed at different sediment levels)
36
Salt Marsh Adaptation: Human impact
Pollution, habitat fragmentation, invasive species
37
Key Species: Flora
Eelgrass, cordgrass
38
Key Species: Fauna
Clapper rails, California killifish, and fiddler crabs
39
Ecological Roles: Niche Partritioning
Reduces competition (birds forage in different zone)
40
Ecological Roles: Detritus
Fuels food web, decomposed by bacteria in anoxic mud
41
Key terms to remember
1) Sessile 2) Benthic 3) Planktonic 4) Oviparous 5) Viviparous 6) Niche Partritioning
42
1) Sessile
Fixed in place (barnacles)
43
2) Benthic
Bottom-dwelling
44
3) Planktonic
Floating/drifting
45
4) Oviparous
Egg-laying (horn sharks)
46
5) Viviparous
Live Birth (thresher sharks)
47
6) Niche Partritioning
Resource division to reduce competition
48
Phylum Porifera (Sponges): Distinguishing features
No tissues or organs, cells function independent
49
Phylum Porifera (Sponges): Spicules
Structural elements made of silica (glass) or calcium carbonate. Shapes include needle-like (monaxons) triradiate (calcereous), or branching
50
Phylum Porifera (Sponges): Choanocytes
Collar cells for filter feeding, create water currents
51
Phylum Porifera (Sponges): Osculum
Large opening for water exit
52
Phylum Porifera (Sponges): Habitat
Marine, rocky reefs, tidepools, freshwater
53
Key example of Porifera (Sponges)
Mossy Chiton (class polyplacophora) Flattened body with overlapping shell plates found in rocky interdial zones
54
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Distinguishing Features: Nematocysts
Stinging cells on tentacles (Physalia/Portugues Man-O-War)
55
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Distinguishing Features: Polyp vs Medusa
Polyp are sessile (corals) medusae are free-swimming like jellyfish
56
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Distinguishing Features: Gastrovascular activity
Single opening for digestion and waste
57
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Distinguishing Features: Key examples
1) Moon jelly (class Scyphozoa): translucent bell with 4 horseshoe shaped gonads 2) Green Sea Anemone (class Anthozoa): Tube-like body with retractable tentacles
58
Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) Distinguishing features
1) Parapodia 2) Closed circulatory system
59
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Parapodia:
Fleshy appendages with setae (bristles) for movement
60
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Closed Circulatory System:
Blood vessels transport nutrients
61
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellies, Corals) Distinguishing Features: Key examples
1) Sandcastle worms: build reef-like tubes from sand grains 2) Polychaetes: deposite feeders with gills at parapodia bases
62
Phylum Mollusca Classes: Bivalvia (clams, mussels)
Two hinged shells, filter feeders with siphon
63
Phylum Mollusca Classes: Gastropoda (snails, nudibranchs)
Radula for scaping algae, some lack shells (sea slugs)
64
Phylum Mollusca Classes: Cephalopoda (squids, octopus)
Advanced nervous system, chromatophores for camouflages
65
Key structures of Cephalopoda
1) Siphon (squid): expels water for jet propulsion 2) Ink Sac (squid): releases ink to confuse predators
66
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
1) Crustacea (crabs, barnacles) 2) Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, sea spiders)
67
Key Adaptation of Crustacea
1) Barnacles: hermaphroditics long penises for cross fertilization 2) Decapods: crabs and lobster: Pincers for defense, molting for growth
68
Phylum Echinodermata Distinguishing features
1) Water Vascular System 2) Pentaradial Symmetry (adults): Bilteral symmetry (larvae)
69
Phylum Echinodermata Distinguishing features: Key examples
1) Ochre Sea Star 2) Purple Sea Urchin
70
Phylum Echinodermata Distinguishing features: 1) Ochre Sea Star
Tube feet in ambulacral grooves, regenerates arms
71
Phylum Echinodermata Distinguishing features: 2) Purple Sea Urchin
Aristotele's lantern (jaw structures) for grazing algae
72
Phylum Chordata (Invertebrate) Subphyla
1) Urochordata (tunicates) 2) Cephalochordata (lancelets)
73
Urochordata (tunicates)
Sessile filter feeders with incurrent/excurrent siphons
74
Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Fish-like, retain notochord into adulthood
75
Cartilaginuous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) Examples
1) Spiny Dogfish Shark 2) Bat Ray
76
1) Spiny Dogfish Shark
Placoid scales, heterocercal tail, claspers (males), spiral valve intestine
77
2) Bar Ray
Dorsal spinacles for water intake, flattened body for benthic life
78
Cartilaginuous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) Key Adaptations
1) Squalene oil (Liver) 2) Ampullae of Lorenzini
79
1) Squalene oil (liver)
Buoyancy and energy storage
80
2) Ampullae of Lorenzini
Detect electrical fields from prey
81
Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes) Examples
1) Garibaldi 2) California Halibu
82
1) Garibaldi
Bright orange, territorial herbivore in kelp forests
83
2) California Halibu
Flatfish with both eyes on one side, lies camouflaged on sand
84
Bony Fishes Key Structure
1) Swim bladder 2) Operculum
85
Osteichthyes Swim Bladder
Controls buoyancy (physostomous or physoclists)
86
Osteichthyes Operculum
Protect gills, aids in respirations
87
Bony fishes reproductive strategies
1) Oviparous 2) Ovoviviparous 3) Viviparous
88
1) Oviparous
Egg-laying, horn shark lay spiral egg cases
89
2) Ovoviviparous
Egg hatch internally (spiny dogfish)
90
3) Viviparous
Live birth with placental connection (mako shark)
91
Sharks vs Bony fish anatomy
1) Shark 2) Bony Fish 3) Skeleton 4) Cartilage 5) Bone 6) Scales 7) Placoid (tooth like) 8) Cycloid/Ctenoid (smooth/spiny) 9) Tail 10) Heterocercal (asymmetric) 11) Homocercal (symmetric) 12) Buoyancy 13) Oil-filled liver 14) Swim bladder
92
Infaunal organisms (burrowers) adaptation
1) Sand Crab: Use jointed legs to dig and avoid dessications 2) Clams: Muscular foot for burrowing, siphon for filter feeding
93
Avoiding wave stress
1) Olive snail 2) Sand dollars
94
Key Concepts of detritus
Primary food source, retained in fine sediments
95
Key Concepts of zonation
Lower intertidal zones have higher diversity (stable moisture, nutrients)

Bio 122: Marine Biology (8 decks)

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