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Bio 122: Marine Biology > Chapter 4: Fundamental of Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Fundamental of Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy needed for life:

A

1) Metabolize
2) Grow
3) React to environment
4) Reproduce

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2
Q

Matter: Most implement elements

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, amd Phosphate

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3
Q

Living organism made of water made of 2/3 of most organisms and organic molecules

A

(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen) - Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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4
Q

Organic Compounds

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids
5) High energy compound

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5
Q

1) Carbohydrates include

A

Polysaccharides contain disaccharides composed of two monosaccharides

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6
Q

2) Lipids include

A

Triglycerides composed of fatty acids amd glycerol

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7
Q

3) Proteins composed of

A

Peptides composed of amino acids

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8
Q

4) Nucleic acids include

A

RNA and DNA composed of nucleotides

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9
Q

5) High energy compound include

A

ATP composed of nucleotides and phosphate groups

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10
Q

Fueling life

A

1) Sun = ultimate energy source
2) Metabolism
3) Photosynthesis accomplished by (photoautotrophs (microbes, algae, and vascular plants)

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11
Q

Respiration performed by

A

Autotrophic (plants) and heterotrophic (non-plant) organisms

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12
Q

Energy from respiration converted to

A

Heat or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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13
Q

Primary production

A

Net gain of organic matter by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis after subtracting respiration

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14
Q

Nutrients criticals to primary produces

A

1) Nitrate
2) Phosphate
3) Silicia
4) Iron

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15
Q

Life started at

A

3.8 bya

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16
Q

Cells = ?

A

Basic structural unit of life

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17
Q

Cells either

A

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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18
Q

All cells surrounded by

A

Plasma membrane

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19
Q

Most cell covered by

A

Cell wall (except animal cell)

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20
Q

Internal environment of cells consits of

A

Cytoplasm and Organelles

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21
Q

Animal cells have a

A

Plasma membrane without cell wall

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22
Q

Animal cell contains

A

Membrane bound organelles

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23
Q

Cell organelles of eukaryotes include

A

1) Cilia and flagella
2) Vacuoles
3) Chloroplast

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24
Q

Plant cells have a plasma membrane and cell wall contain

A

Membrane bound organelles

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25
Living organisms are classified into several levels
1) Cell 2) Organs and organ systems 3) Organisms (individual) 4) Population 5) Community and ecosystem
26
Organism maintain
Homeostasis
27
Dissolved substances and water moved by
Diffusion and Osmosis
28
Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic
Solutions
29
Plasma membrane were
Selectively permeable
30
High concentration will move to the other side while lower concentration
Water move high to low (right side)
31
Hypotonic (lower solutions)
Lower concentration outside
32
Isotonic (same)
Same concentration inside and outside
33
Hypertonic (higher)
Higher concentration outside
34
Osmoconformers
Only live in limited range (most invertebrates)
35
Sharks are osmoconformers but are
Ion regulators
36
Osmoregulator
Fish have an internal salt concentration that is 1/3 to 1/2 that of seawater
37
Osmoregulator are
Hypotonic to seawater and hypertonic to freshwater
38
In seawater, fish drinks water to
Replace what it lost
39
In freshwater, fish don't drink water but it
Make dilute urine to converse salt
40
Marine fish (characteristics)
1) Water loss by osmosis through gills and skins 2) Drink seawater 3) Salt excreted by gills 4) Small volume of relatively salty urine 5) Salt passes through guts
41
Freshwater fish (characteristics)
1) Water gained by osmosis 2) Does not drink water 3) Salt absorbed by gills 4) Large volume of dilute urine 5) No salt enter guts
42
Temperature affects
Metabolisms
43
Most organisms adapted to
Specific temperature range
44
Marine organisms can be
Ectotherms or endotherms
45
Ectotherms were most
No physiology regulation of internal temperature and internal temperature same as outside
46
Some ectotherms are
poikilotherms = internal temperature changes with external temperature
47
Endotherms
Birds, mammals, and some fish
48
Homeotherms
Constant internal temperature regardless of external temperature (use their own energy and have internal temperature)
49
Advantage of Endothermy
Can survive in a wide range of conditions and habitat etc Antarctica
50
Advantage of Ectothermy
Don't need a constant food supply to drive metabolism and have simple control mechanisms
51
Disadvantage of Endothermy
Must have a constant food supply to drive metabolism and have complex control metabolism
52
Disadvantage of Ectothermy
It cannot survive in a wide a range of conditions and habitat eg Antarctica winter
53
Buoyancy and Floatation
1) Simple structural system 2) Sinking still problems 3) Adaptation against sinking were listed
54
Adaptation against sinking were listed
1) Large surface area to volume ratios 2) Secreting gases 3) Oil droplet, oily liverse, blubber 4) Less dense ions in tissue fluids 5) Having light bone (fish) or hollow bones (birds)
55
Asexual reproduction
1) No gametes 2) Cell fission and mitosis preceded by DNA replication 3) Fission and budding
56
Asexual reproduction (Pros)
1) Fast 2) Cheap and not spending energy to make gametes 3) No care of offspring
57
Asexual reproduction (Cons)
Direct clone: No genetic diversity
58
Sexual reproduction
1) Gametes formed by meiosis of germ tissue cells 2) Diploid vs haploid 3) Ovaries vs testes 4) Fertilization results in a zygote 5) Zygote = embryo = larval stages (Immature) adult
59
Reproductive strategies
Some organisms can be both asexual or sexual depending on conditions and classified as r-selected or k-selected
60
r-selected
Unstable environment and densisty independent
61
k-selected
Stable environment, density dependent interaction
62
r-selected (characteristics)
1) Small size of organism 2) Energy used to make each individual is low 3) Many offspring are produced 4) Early maturity 5) Short life expectancy 6) Each individual reproduces only once 7) Type III survivorship patterns in which most of the individual die within the short time, but a few of them live longer
63
k-selected (characteristics)
1) Large size of organism 2) Energy used to make each individual is high 3) Few offspring are produced 4) Late maturity, often after a prolonged period of parental care 5) Long-life expectancy 6) Individuals can reproduce more than once in their lifetime 7) Type I and II survivorship pattern in which most individual live to near the max lifespan

Bio 122: Marine Biology (8 decks)

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