Chapter 3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Water

Question 1

What make water unique?

Answer 1

Water’s shape: covalent bond and polar molecules

Question 2

Water can be found in all three states at the same time

Answer 2

1) Has a high specific heat
2) Cohesion/adhesion
3) Surface tension
4) Density of solid with liquid
5) A great solvent
6) Act as a buffer

Question 3

Why is liquid water so important?

Answer 3

1) Life depends on chemical/physical properties
2) Liquid water critical and unique
3) All organisms mostly water
4) Marine organisms 80% or more

Question 4

Nature of pure molecular water

Answer 4

Matter = atoms combine into molecules

Question 5

Water

Answer 5

2-H atoms attached to 10 atom by strong covalents bonds and sharing electrons

Question 6

Water is sticky: hydrogens bonds

Answer 6

weak attraction between water molecules and not so true “bond” because not sharing electrons

Question 7

Water is a polar molecule

Answer 7

Most important reason why the exists on this planet

Question 8

Water states are listed here:

Answer 8

1) Solid
2) Liquid
3) Gases

Question 9

States of pure water

Answer 9

High heat = high breaking of H-bonds = high volume = low density

Question 10

State of pure water = continuing heating

Answer 10

Evaporation

Question 11

Boiling is when all water molecules enter

Answer 11

Vapor state at once

Question 12

Pure water’s density is greatest at

Answer 12

4 degrees celcius

Question 13

Somewhere pure water’s between

Answer 13

4 degrees celcius - 0 degree celcius, density decreases = ice floats and why?
To help maintain life on planet

Question 14

Heat and water

Answer 14

1) Water has a high heat capacity
2) High heat of evaporation = evaporative cooling
3) Impt regulator of temperature

Question 15

Pure Water as a Solvent

Answer 15

1) H20 dissolves salt and polar molecules = univeral solvent

Question 16

What are salt?

Answer 16

Ions connected by ionics bonds

Question 17

Water surrounds ions

Answer 17

Dissolves ions

Question 18

Properties of Seawater: Sources of dissolved ions in the oceans

Answer 18

1) Weathering of rocks
2) Interior of the Earth
3) Sodium (NA+) and Chloride (Cl^-) make up 85 % dissolved ions

Question 19

Salinity

Answer 19

Total amount of salt dissolved in seawater

Question 20

Average sea water salinity

Answer 20

35%

Question 21

Salinity changes when pure water is

Answer 21

Added and Removed

Question 22

Density depends most on

Answer 22

Temperature and somewhat on salinity

Question 23

Temperature range from

Answer 23

-2 degrees celcius + 30 degrees celcius

Question 24

Deep ocean temperature measured by

Answer 24

Reversing thermometer, electronic probes

Question 25

What is thermoclines?

Answer 25

Temperature

Question 26

What is haloclines?

Answer 26

Salinity

Question 27

What is pycnocline?

Answer 27

Density

Question 28

In area with very strong thermoclines, there little mixing between

Answer 28

Surface water and deep water

Question 29

Seawater contains

Answer 29

O2, N2, and CO2

Question 30

Gases dissolves more easily in

Answer 30

Cold water

Question 31

O2 comes from atmosphere and primary producers in

Answer 31

The ocean

Question 32

O2 highest in upper 10-20 m (02 Max Layer) and lowest between

Answer 32

500-1000 m (O2 min zone)

Question 33

High CO2 with depth because of the

Answer 33

Respiration plus with decomposition at lower surface because photosynthesis and mixing

Question 34

CO2 reacts with water to form

Answer 34

Carbonic acid

Question 35

Carbonic acid dissociates to form H^+ and bicarbonate (HCO3) to creates

Answer 35

Acidic environment

Question 36

Seawater is naturally slightly alkaline (basic) because of

Answer 36

NA^+, K^+, Ca^2+ and pH ranging from 7.5 - 8.4

Question 37

Warmer water holds

Answer 37

Less oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 38

Seawater somewhat

Answer 38

Transparent

Question 39

Most sunlight reflected, rest absorbed and scattered by

Answer 39

Water and particles

Question 40

Blue and green least absorbed, followed by

Answer 40

Violet, yellow, orange, and red is most absorbed

Question 41

Coastal waters are less

Answer 41

Transparent and greener

Question 42

Photic zone extends to where light intensity is

Answer 42

1% of the surface light intensity

Question 43

At sea level, the ocean under

Answer 43

Atm (1) of pressure

Question 44

With each 10m of depth, another

Answer 44

Atm added

Question 45

Motion in the ocean: Surface circulation having:

Answer 45

1) Coriolis effect 2) Wind patterns

Question 46

Coriolis effect

Answer 46

1) Deflected direction an object moves based on rotation of Earth 2) Northern hemisphere = left 3) Southern hemisphere = right

Question 47

Wind patterns

Answer 47

1) Solar energy 2) Rising air at equator 3) Trade wind 4) Westerlies (middle latitude) 5) Polar easterlies

Question 48

Surface currents

Answer 48

1) Move at 45 degrees to winds (Ekman Spiral) were net transport (90 degrees) gyres 2) Important in transporting heat over earth 3) El Nino

Question 49

Vertical motion: three layered ocean

Answer 49

1) Surface (mixed layer) 2) Intermediate layer (thermocline) 3) Deep (bottom layer) 4) Stratified water column

Question 50

Stability and overturn with changing seasons

Answer 50

1) Downwelling and upwelling 2) Why important was the upwelling

Question 51

Great Ocean Conveyer critical for

Answer 51

Mixing water and transporting heat around the world

Question 52

Great Ocean Conveyer keep us

Answer 52

Alive

Question 53

Great Ocean Conveyer might be

Answer 53

Breaking down/changing because of climate change and global temperature

Question 54

Two places for water to sink all the way down for:

Answer 54

1) South of Greenland 2) North of Antarctica

Question 55

Waves caused by

Answer 55

Wind

Question 56

Anatomy of a wave were

Answer 56

Crest, trough, waveheight, wavelength, and period

Question 57

Fetch

Answer 57

The span of open water over which the wind blows

Question 58

Tsunami

Answer 58

1) Japanese word meaning: harbor wave 2) Not wind generated wave 3) Shifting of seafloor

Question 59

Japan tsunami

Answer 59

1) 20,000 deaths 2) Shifted Earth on its axis of rotation 3) Shortened day by one microsecond

Question 60

Tides pull of

Answer 60

Moon and sun

Question 61

Earth and moon rotate

Answer 61

Around the center of mass between them

Question 62

Centrifugal force created by rotation is

Answer 62

Balanced by gravitational attraction between earth and moon

Question 63

Many animals base their lives around

Answer 63

The tides

Question 64

Every other week is a

Answer 64

Spring tide or a neap tide

Question 65

Full tidal cycle

Answer 65

24:50 hours

Question 66

Sun 1/2 as much pull as

Answer 66

Moon

Question 67

Spring tides

Answer 67

Extremes (new moon and full moon)

Question 68

Neap tides

Answer 68

Milder (first and third quarter)

Question 69

Semidiurnal tides

Answer 69

Two equal high and two equal law (east coast, Europe, and Africa)

Question 70

Mixed semidiurnal tides

Answer 70

Two unequal high and two unequal law (common in Socal)

Question 71

Diurnal tides

Answer 71

One high and one low (rare, Antarctica)