Bio Lecture Slides Series 3 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
_____ is a branch of organic chemistry.
A
Biochemistry
2
Q
Organic molecules contain mostly _____, _____ and _____.
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
3
Q
Inorganic molecules do not contain _____.
A
Carbon (Ex. H20)
4
Q
What are the two exceptions to the rule that inorganic molecules do not contain carbon?
A
CO2 and CO
5
Q
Carbon with 4 valence e- can make up to _____ bonds.
A
4
6
Q
Carbon is so versatile, it will bond with _____.
A
itself
7
Q
Carbon forms both long _____ and various _____.
A
chains; rings
8
Q
_____ forms the backbone of many organic molecules.
A
Carbon
9
Q
Which types of bonds can carbon form?
A
single, double, triple
10
Q
Carbon chains can be branched. True or false?
A
True
11
Q
_____ are the basic repeating units all organic molecules have.
A
Monomers
12
Q
_____ are formed by joining monomers.
A
Polymers
13
Q
Polymers are formed through an important reaction called _____ _____.
A
dehydration synthesis
14
Q
Organic molecules have attached groups called _____ _____.
A
functional groups
15
Q
_____ _____ impart certain chemical characteristics to organic molecules.
A
Functional groups
16
Q
Hydroxyl is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
A
alcohol, sugars
17
Q
Carboxyl is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
A
amino acids, fatty acids
18
Q
Amino is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
A
amino acids, proteins
19
Q
Phosphate is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
A
ATP, nucleic acids
20
Q
_____ _____ always impart the same characteristics or react in the same way regardless of what organic molecule they are attached to.
A
Functional groups
21
Q
Hydroxyls while _____ themselves give hydrophillic characteristics to organic molecules.
A
insoluble
22
Q
Carboxyl groups are hydrophillic and acid-forming. True or false?
A
True.
23
Q
_____ _____ joins monomers of all types of organic molecules by the removal of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen which immediately form a water molecule.
A
Dehydration synthesis
24
Q
_____ breaks apart polymers into monomers.
A
Hydrolysis (A water molecule is added resulting in the addition of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen.)
25
Organic molecules function _____ – they form the cell structures and bodies of organisms.
structurally
26
Organic molecules do not serve as energy sources. True or false?
False. They also function as cellular workers facilitating and enhancing the biochemical pathways in cells.
27
Organic molecules, biological molecules, macromolecules and polymers are all synonyms. True or false?
True, there are 4 categories – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
28
Glucose, fructose and maltose are all _____.
monomers or simple sugars
29
Single sugars are also known as _____.
monosaccharides
30
The primary function of monosaccharides is as an immediate _____ source for animals and structural for plants.
energy
31
Disaccharides and polysaccharides are also known as _____.
polymers
32
The sugars ribose and deoxyribose of RNA and DNA, respectively, are examples of _____.
simple sugars
33
All monomers of _____ are linked together via dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis.
carbohydrates
34
True or false: Carbohydrates may be hydrophillic or hydrophobic.
True
35
_____ is the most common monomer and therefore one of the most important.
Glucose. It is also, the sugar that nourishes the cells of most animals i.e. blood sugar.
36
Bread (wheat), rice, potatoes, corn and pasta are examples of _____ carbohydrates.
digestible
37
Cellulose (plant fiber) & chitin are examples of _____ carbohydrates.
indigestible
38
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are examples of _____.
disaccharides
39
What is composed of 1 glucose & 1 fructose?
table sugar or sucrose
40
What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?
People who are lactose intolerant don’t produce lactase and can’t break the bond between two sugars.
41
_____ is milk sugar, composed of 1 glucose and 1 galactose.
lactose
42
Starch is a _____ _____ of glucose molecules.
branching chain
43
_____ is “liver starch” highly branched form of starch stored in the liver by animals.
glycogen
44
Multiple branching in _____ increases the action of the enzymes and makes it highly accessible form.
polysaccharides
45
What is a chain of glucose molecules that alternates monomer orientation?
cellulose
46
Cellulose is _____ to gastrointestinal animals but greatly utilized by ruminants.
indigestible
47
What are animals with a 4 part stomach that harbors microbes who possess the enzymes that can break down cellulose?
ruminants
48
Bovines, sheep, goat, and deer are all examples of _____.
ruminants
49
Cellulose, while indigestible to humans and other animals, is an important source of _____ for humans.
fiber
50
_____ is an indigestible carbohydrate found in the exoskeleton of insects, in the shells of crabs etc. and in the cell wall of fungi.
chitin
51
Fats, oils, and waxes, are all examples of _____.
lipids
52
The monomers of _____ are glycerols and fatty acids joined together by dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis.
lipids
53
_____ are highly hydrophobic because of long non-polar hydrocarbon chains.
lipids
54
_____ may be classified as saturated and unsaturated.
lipids
55
Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
liquid
56
Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
solid
57
A triglyceride is a _____ fat.
saturated
58
_____ have 3 fatty acid tails and are used for long term E storage.
triglyerices
59
Unsaturated fats have double bonded _____ in their chains that keep the tails “kinky” or free-flowing.
carbons
60
_____ are composed of four carbon ring skeletons and functional groups.
steroids
61
A precursor of steroids is _____.
cholesterol
62
Steroid _____ include estrogen and testosterone along with anabolic steroids which are synthetic testosterone.
hormones
63
Cholesterol is a component of all _____ cell membranes.
animal
64
The least healthy fats are _____ and _____.
transfats, hydrogenated
65
_____ are oils that have been saturated through a chemical process (hydrogenation).
hydrogenated or transfats
66
The hydrogenation process causes transfats to catch easier in plaque deposits because of their _____ structure.
zig-zag
67
_____ are special lipids that have a hydrophillic head and 2 hydrophobic tails.
Phospholipids
68
Phospholipid bilayers form the basis of _____ membranes.
cell
69
Fatty acid tails point _____ from water outside and inside.
away
70
Monomers are not proteins. True or false?
False, monomers are proteins and also amino acids.
71
There are _____ different amino acids that form all the types of proteins.
20
72
_____ serve more functions than any other biological molecule.
proteins
73
Proteins have _____ functions.
6
74
The structural function of protein support examples are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , and _____ .
spiderweb, hair, skin, muscles, fingernails.
75
Human body has _____ different enzymes.
75,000
76
Describe metabolic protein function.
Enzymes which serve as biological catalyst (catalyst speeds up or reduces amount of E needed for the reaction to take place.
77
Describe the transport protein function.
as a component of the cell membrane, helps bring substances across the membrane
78
An example of the transport protein function is _____.
Hemoglobin makes up red blood cells and carries O2
79
An example of the defense protein function is _____.
Antibodies destroy proteins of foreign invading organisms
80
An example of the regulation protein function is _____.
Growth hormones that serve as intercellular messengers Ex. Insulin that regulates glucose concentration in blood
81
An example of the motion protein function is _____.
Motor proteins and contractile proteins like actin and myosin, help organisms of all types move. Ex. Myosin and actin are found in muscle tissue.
82
A peptide, polypeptide and proteins are all _____.
synonyms
83
Protein chemistry is all about _____ – proteins have a distinctive 3 dimensional structure.
shape
84
Proteins are structured at _____ levels.
4
85
Amino acid order and the growing of the amino acid chain bending due to interactions like hydrogen bonds are which two levels of protein structure?
The first and the second levels
86
The chain interactions becoming stronger, twisting and folding and short chains joined to form the final product are which two levels of protein structure?
the third and the fourth levels
87
Protein’s 3-dimensional shape is linked to its function and anything that changes the shape of a protein will also destroy its functioning ability. This is called _____.
denaturing
88
Heat, cold, very low or high pH, extreme saltiness are all causes of protein _____.
denaturing
89
The three parts of a nucleotide are _____ , _____ , _____.
Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, Nitrogen containing base
90
5 different bases are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , ____ .
Adenine (A), thymine (T)•Cytosine (C), guanine (G)•Uracil (U) – only found in RNA where it replaces thymine.
91
DNA is a double chain of _____.
nucleotides
92
DNA – has four bases A, T, C, G. True or false?
True
93
Name the two kinds of nucleic acid polymers.
DNA and RNA
94
There are _____ types of RNA.
3 (mRNA – messenger RNA; tRNA – transfer RNA; rRNA – ribosomal RNA)
95
The 3 types of RNA cooperate to produce a _____ or _____.
protein or peptide.
96
Sequence of bases in DNA determines sequence of amino acids in a _____.
protein
97
Sequence of amino acids determines a protein's _____ and _____.
structure and function
98
DNA is organized into _____ – segments of the molecule that code for specific proteins and therefore traits of organisms.
genes
99
_____ are DNA molecules that have condensed before cell division and are visible under the light microscope.
chromosomes
100
Small changes in the _____ may cause large changes in a protein.
DNA
101
A permanent change in a DNA molecule is called a _____.
mutation
102
Sickle cell disease is an example of a _____.
mutation
103
Nucleotides carry _____.
energy
104
_____ carries energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups; this is the main E carrier molecule of cells.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
105
These two molecules transport energized electrons in reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide
