Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology💚 > Bio Mol - Chat gpt > Flashcards

Bio Mol - Chat gpt Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Add Benidicts reagent and heat. Produces brick red precipitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does starch differ from cellulose?

A

Starch is made from alpha glucose and is helical whereas cellulose is made from beta glucose & forms straight chains with hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of bond links amino acids ?

A

Peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of an enzyme?

A

To act as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does temperature effect enzymes?

A

Increases activity up to the optimum, beyond that , the enzymes denature and the activity falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the induced fit model ?

A

The enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate more closely upon binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Difference between saturated and unsatured fatty acids?

A

Saturated - no double bonds, straight
Unsaturated - double bonds , kinks in chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What bond forms between monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

Boil sample with dilute HCL, neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate & then add benedicts reagent and heat. A presence of a brick red precipitate is a positive result.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution to the sample. A blue-black precipitate indicates a positive result.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the components of a triglyceride?

A

One glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of bond is found in a triglyceride?

A

Ester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are lipids useful for energy storage?

A

They have a high energy content & are insoluble so they do not affect water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

A phosphate group, a glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define polor molecule

A

A molecule with regions of slight positive and negative charges due to unequal electron sharing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What bonds are responsible for waters high specific heat capacity?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

It’s polar therefore it can dissolve ionic and other polar substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a dissaccharide?. Give two examples

A

A sugar formed from two monosaccharides. Maltese, lactose, sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The folding or coiling of the amino acid chain into alpha helixes or beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The 3D shape formed by further folding, stabilised by ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding or disulphide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Two or more polypeptide chains joined to form a functional protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What test is used for proteins?

A

Add biuret reagent to the sample. Results in a purple colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What factors affects enzyme activity?
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme conc
26
What is a competitive inhibitor?
A molecule that binds to the active site, blocking substrate access.
27
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
A molecule that binds to the enzyme away from the active site, changing the shape so the substrate can't bind.
28
What are the monomers of DNA & RNA?
Nucleotides
29
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
30
Which bases pair together in DNA?
A & T C & G
31
What bond joins nucleotides in a strand?
Phosphodiester bonds
32
What enzyme unwinds DNA during replication?
DNA helicase
33
What enzyme joins together new nucleotides during replication?
DNA polymerase
34
What is semi-conservative replication?
Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand
35
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate. The main energy carrier in cells.
36
What are the components of an ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose & 3 phosphate groups
37
How is energy released from ATP?
One phosphate is removed in a hydrolysis reaction catalysed by ADP hydrolase, forming ADP & a phosphate ion (Pi)
38
How is ATP resynthesised?
By a condensation reaction between ADP & Pi during respiration or photosynthesis, catalysed by ADP synthase
39
Why is ATP a good energy source?
Releases small, manageable amounts of energy quickly, in a single reaction
40
Why is water important in biological systems?
It's a solvent, has a high heat capacity, supports cohesion, is reactive & provides habitat
41
What causes water's properties (cohesion & high specific heat)
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules
42
What is cohesion & why is it important?
Water molecules stick together, aiding transport in xylem vessels of plants
43
What are inorganic ions?
Ions that don't contain carbon and are essential for biological functions
44
What is the role of ions in the body?
Found in haemoglobin, they bind oxygen for transport in the blood
45
What is the role of hydrogen ions in the body?
Affect pH; enzyme activity is sensitive to pH changes caused by H+ concentration
46
What is the role of Na+ in the body?
Helps transport glucose and amino acids across membranes via co-transport
47
What is the role of phosphate ions in the body?
Found in DNA, RNA & ATP; they from phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids
48
Why are polysaccharides good storage molecules?
They're insoluble, so they don't affect water potential, compact and can be hydrolysed to release glucose
49
How does the structure of glycogen suit its function?
It's highly branched for fast glucose release & compact for efficient storage
50
Why is cellulose strong?
Long, unbranched beta-glucose chains form microfibrils via hydrogen bonding
51
What are the differences between DNA & RNA?
DNA: double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, thymine RNA: single stranded, ribose sugar, uracil
52
What is the role of RNA in cells?
Transfers genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
53
What is meant by enzyme specificity?
An enzymes active site only fits a specific substrate
54
What is activation energy and how do enzymes affect it?
The energy needed to start a reaction, enzymes lower it by stabilising the transition state
55
What makes a reaction enzyme-controlled?
The rate is dependent on enzyme-substrate complex formation
56
Why do enzymes denture at high temperature or extreme pH?
Bonds in the tertiary structure break, altering the active site so it no longer fits the substrate
57
How does substrate conc affect enzyme activity?
Increases the rate until all active sites are occupied, then it plateaus
58
What is transcription?
The process of making a complementary mRNA copy from a DNA template
59
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
60
Which enzyme is used in transcription?
RNA polymerase
61
What happens to the DNA during transcription?
Hydrogen bonds between bases break, DNA strands seperate and unwind
62
How is the mRNA formed?
RNA nucleotides pair with complementary bases and are joined by RNA polymerase
63
What is the result of transciption in eukaryotic cells
Pre-mRNA is produced, which is spliced to removed introns forming mature mRNA
64
What is translation?
The process where mRNA is decoded to form a polypeptide at the ribosome
65
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm at the ribsome
66
What does each triplet of bases (codon) on mRNA code for?
A specific amino acid
67
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
tRNA carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon that binds to a complementary codon on mRNA
68
How are amino acids joined together?
By peptide bonds using energy from ATP
69
What happens when a stop codon is reached?
The polypeptide chain is released and translation ends
70
What is the role of mRNA
Carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
71
Structure of mRNA
Long, single-stranded molecule made in transcription
72
Role of tRNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome and binds to mRNA via its anticodon
73
Structureof tRNA
A single-stranded RNA folded into a cloverleaf shape with an amino acid binding site and an anticodon
74
What is an anticodon?
A sequence of three bases on tRNA complementary to a codon on mRNA
75
Role of rRNA
Forms part of the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation during translation
76
Where is RNA made?
In the nucleus, during transcription
77
Is RNA involved in both translation and transcription?
mRNA is made in transciption and used in translation, tRNA and rRNA function during translation

Biology💚 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions