BIO T9

Question 1

What is the issue surrounding construct validity and the use of animal research in psychopathology?

Answer 1

1. Injecting animals with a known genetic mutation linked to the disease → not possible
2. Altering the expression of proteins hypothesised to lead to disease pathogenesis → lack of human evidenceExposure to validated environmental risk factors → not as straightforward
3. how penetrant a given genetic variant is in producing a disorder/ how clearly linked; lack of human evidence for common genetic variants being irrefutably linked to mental health conditions*

Question 2

antidepressant that blocks the reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin by presynaptic terminals

Answer 2

tricyclic

Question 3

antidepressant that blocks the reuptake of serotonin in the presynaptic terminal

Answer 3

SSRI

Question 4

antidepressant that blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Answer 4

SNRI

Question 5

antidepressant that blocks a presynaptic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms

Answer 5

MAOI

Question 6

drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter

Answer 6

agonist

Question 7

affinity

Answer 7

tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor

Question 8

efficacy

Answer 8

drug’s tendency to activate the receptor

Question 9

brain area that is rich in dopamine and is central to the brain’s reinforcement system

Answer 9

nucleus accumbens

Question 10

craving

Answer 10

insistent search for something

Question 11

tolerance

Answer 11

decreased effect of a drug after repeated use

Question 12

withdrawal

Answer 12

effect of drug cessation

Question 13

antabuse

Answer 13

drug that antagonizes the effects of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase by binding to its copper ion

Question 14

methadone

Answer 14

drug similar to heroin and morphine that is taken orally

Question 15

SAD

Answer 15

seasonal affective disorderdepression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter

Question 16

mania

Answer 16

condition characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions*

Question 17

lithium

Answer 17

element often used as therapy for bipolar disorder

Question 18

presence of behavior not seen in normal people

Answer 18

positive symptom

Question 19

negative symptom

Answer 19

absence of behavior ordinarily seen in normal people (e.g., lack of emotional expression)

Question 20

concordance

Answer 20

similarity, such as having the same disorder as someone else*

Question 21

differential diagnosis*

Answer 21

one that rules out other conditions with similar symptoms

Question 22

DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1)

Answer 22

gene that controls production of dendritic spines and generation of new neurons in the hippocampus

Question 23

chemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia*

Answer 23

phenothiazinechemical family that includes antipsychotic drugs that relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 24

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 24

idea that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas

Question 25

movement disorder characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements*

Answer 25

tardive dyskinesia

Question 26

second-generation antipsychotic

Answer 26

drug that alleviates schizophrenia with less likelihood of movement problems

Question 27

drug that inhibits the NMDA glutamate receptors*

Answer 27

phencyclidine (PCP)

Question 28

Which of the following statements is MOST true regarding the brains of severely depressed patients?  a. Severely depressed patients' brains show increased hippocampal volumes as compared to controls.  b. Severely depressed patients' brains have a lower hippocampal function as compared to healthy individuals.  c. Severely depressed patients' brains have higher concentrations of 5-HT and catecholamines.  d. Severely depressed patients' brains are characterised by up-regulated adult neurogenesis.  

Answer 28

B

Question 29

Which of the following is a TRUE DISADVANTAGE of Electroconvulsive therapy in depression? a. It is only used as a supplement to other treatments rather than a therapy by itself.  b. The probability of a quick relapse is high.  c. It takes longer than anti-depressant drugs to provide improvements in the treatment of depression.  d. It is not effective in patients with severe depression. 

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Which of the following is the MOST accurate regarding the role of the allele polymorphism for the serotonin transporter in depression? a. Stressful life experiences increase the likelihood of depression in people with the short gene for the serotonin transporter. b. People with the long form of the gene for the serotonin transporter have a higher increased probability of depression in response to stressful experiences.  c. People with the short and long forms of the gene for the serotonin transporter have an equal probability of depression in reaction to stressful events.  d. The serotonin transporter is not related to depression. 

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Which of the following is MOST TRUE regarding the course of the illness for patients with depression? a. The majority of patients have a long depressive episode and never experience symptoms again. b. The majority of patients have an episodic illness course and they feel well between acute episodes during their lifetimes. c. The majority of patients do not recover and experience depression symptoms continuously during their life. d. The majority of patients have a long depressive episode in their mid-40s. 

Answer 31

B

Question 32

What is the MAIN mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs? a. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase b. Inhibition of 5-HT and norepinephrine storage in vesicles of presynaptic nerve endings. c. Blocking serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. d. Stimulation of dopamine receptors. 

Answer 32

C

Question 33

A man has been suffering from severe depression and suicidal ideations after being treated for a year with cognitive-behavioural therapy and multiple antidepressant medication trials. His doctor will now MOST likely prescribe: a. Monoamine therapy. b. Electroconvulsive therapy. c. Psychosurgery d. Antipsychotic therapy

Answer 33

B

Question 34

Which of the following hypotheses BETTER explain the antidepressant drug effectiveness?  a. Antidepressant drugs increase monoamine oxidase activity. b. Antidepressant drugs lead to increased levels of a neurotrophin (BDNF) important for hippocampal neuronal proliferation and learning.  c. Antidepressant drugs decrease the effects of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. d. Antidepressant drugs lead to neuronal loss and hyperactivity in the right prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

B

Question 35

K.S. has been diagnosed with major depression. During her EEG scan, her doctor observes:  a. Hyperactivation of her right prefrontal cortex. b. Hypoactivation of her right prefrontal cortex.  c. No changes in her prefrontal cortex activation. d. None of the above. 

Answer 35

A

Question 36

How is Schizophrenia diagnosed?

Answer 36

At least two symptoms, being oneof them: delusions, hallucinations, ordisorganized speech. Ongoing for 6 months(at least 1 month of delusions/hallucinations)

Question 37

When is the usual onset of schizophrenia

Answer 37

The usual onset of schizophrenia is in late adolescence to early adulthood, typically between 16–30 years old. It rarely develops before age 13 or after 40

Question 38

What is the risk level for schizophrenia amongst MZs?

Answer 38

48%

Question 39

What does schizophrenia affext in the brain?

Answer 39

ventricles are enlarged

Question 40

Environmental risk factors of schizophrenia?

Answer 40

Environmental risk factors: * Living in cities vs. rural areas * Childhood trauma * Autoimmune diseases * Cannabis use

Question 41

What is the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Answer 41

prenatal or neonatal influences produce abnormalities in the developing brain * Prenatal or childhood infection with the parasite toxoplasma gondii * Poor nutrition or stress exposure of the mother;season-of-birth effect (winter and early spring)

Question 42

What are the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia and how can they be tracked?

Answer 42

pet scan* * * Enlarged ventricles * Reduced white matter * Abnormalities in subcortical areas * Reduced grey matter specially in hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus * Decreases in brain volume(about 5%) * Abnormalities visible in blood vessels of the retina * Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex anatomically affected

Question 43

What is early onset schizophrenia?

Answer 43

Comparison of three-dimensionalmaps derived from MRI scans revealsthat, compared with healthy teenagersaged 13 to 18 (left), patients withchildhood-onset schizophrenia (right)have widespread loss of gray matteracross the cerebral hemispheres*

Question 44

What are the chemical treatments?

Answer 44

*Phenothiazines (e.g., chlorpromazine) * Butyrophenones (e.g., haloperidol - tradename Haldol) * These drugs block dopamine type D2synapses

Question 45

Which pathway is responsible for positive symptoms?

Answer 45

Mesolimbic pathway| increased DA relese in NAc

Question 46

Which pathway is responsible for negative symptoms?

Answer 46

Mesocortical| decresed DA release in prefrontal cortex leads to negative cognitive sym

Question 47

What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Answer 47

schizophrenia results from deficient activity atglutamate synapses in PFC* *

Question 48

Wht are the class of symptoms of depression?

Answer 48

* At least five symptoms, being at least oneof them a fundamental one, nearly everyday during a 2-week period. Thesymptoms are clearly different from theindividual´s previous general functioning.

Question 49

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 49

Moderate depression that persists for morethan 2 years (American PsychiatricAssociation, 2013), with at least two of thefollowing symptoms: difficulty with decisionmaking and concentration, feelings ofhopelessness, low appetite or overeating,fatigue, low self-esteem, problems with sleep

Question 50

Which neurochemical systems of depression?

Answer 50

Question 51

What is the pathology of depression?

Answer 51

results from a deficit of one of theseNT: serotonin and noradrenaline (Monoaminehypothesis)

Question 52

How do stress and depression intersect?

Answer 52

elevatedlevels of circulating cortisol --> ; failure of negativefeedback mechanisms* of glucocorticoidsalter the serotonin,norepinephrine, and dopaminesignaling systems

Question 53

What happens to the brain in bipolar disorder?

Answer 53

gray matter loss e anterior insula,prefrontal córtex (ventrolateral,ventromedial, dorsomedia), andsubgenual cingulate cortex.

Question 54

What is the inflammatory hypothesis of depression?

Answer 54

Cytokines pass the blood brain barrier andstimulate the release of CRH and interactwith noradrenaline, dopamine andserotonin signaling pathways due to infection which influences the BDNF 

Question 55

What do these scans of one individual's brain show?

Answer 55

A bipolar brain

Question 56

When is the usual onset of schizophrenia

Answer 56

Question 57

Which neurochemical systems of depression?

Answer 57