LPI T9

Question 1

I see you frequently go near the biscuit tin, so I pay more attention to the biscuit tin.

Answer 1

stimulus enhancement

social

Question 2

I see you burn yourself on the iron so I realise that touching it has negative consequences.

Answer 2

observational conditioning

social

Question 3

Learning occurs by trying lots of options and seeing which works best, without watching or receiving instructions from another individual.

Answer 3

trial-and-error learning

asocial

Question 4

I learn how to cook a lasagna by calling a family member and asking for the recipe, which is given verbally or through a text.

Answer 4

learning from communication

asocial

Question 5

I notice you pressing your access card against a small rectangular panel to access the work building, so I learn that I need to press my card there too.

Answer 5

affordance learning

social

observer learns how objects work (the ‘affordances’ of the objects) by observing others’ interaction

Question 6

I see you kick a doll so it falls to the floor. I then punch a doll so that it falls to the floor.

Answer 6

emulation

social

copying the outcome of another’s person actions

Question 7

I use chopsticks in one hand to pick up some sushi; my companion takes one chopstick in each hand and tries to perform the same movements with the chopsticks but using very different actions.

Answer 7

object movement re-enactment

social

copying the movement of an object not necessarily the action itself

Question 8

I find, for the first time, that I can use a long item to pull my phone from under the bed, which I can’t reach with my hands. I do this without consulting anyone else.

Answer 8

innovation

asocial

Question 9

I improve my tennis serve through practice, not by observing experts.

Answer 9

individual learning

asocial

learning through gradual feedback from the outcome

Question 10

I watch a tennis match and copy the players’ precise actions to improve my own tennis serve.

Answer 10

imitation (social)

Question 11

An adult (teacher) demonstrates and instructs a child how to tie shoelaces.

Answer 11

learning from teaching

Question 12

Distinction directed and asocial

Answer 12

behaviour of others (not via observation) or input information coming in is intended to teach vs asocial learning means learning about something by oneself not based on what others do

Question 13

Why is learning via teaching asocial

Answer 13

You’re not directly learning through observation but through the deliberate instruction (communication) through others

Question 14

Heyes and colleagues experiment and its findings? 2005

Answer 14

Learning to imitate would have resulted in longer time needed to react

Question 15

What is a potential reasonfor social learning occurring?

Answer 15

• Strategically useful (efficient shortcut for learning about or environment)

Question 16

What are the benefits of social learning (imitation)?

Answer 16

• imitation> social glue improving relationships and evaluation of interactions
• can lead to prosocial behaviour

Question 17

What is the purpose of an automatic imitation task?

Answer 17

Exploring the question of whether imitation is learned behaviour or inherited

Question 18

What does it make more sense to look at whether it can be taught not to imitate?

Answer 18

• Because the reversed option is impractical
• if we see some influences in terms of the principles of learning theory in this aspect of imitation, we can conclude that they play a role in learning to imitate

Question 19

Define social learning.

Answer 19

learning about other people or the inanimate world through the observation of, or interaction with, another individual or its products

Question 20

Explain asocial learning.

Answer 20

learning about other agents or the inanimate world that is not influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another individual or its products

Question 21

What do social and asocial learning have in common?

Answer 21

• neither social learning nor asocial learning includes cases in which learning is mediated by language or other forms of symbolic communication.
  –> no teaching, signalling and communication

Question 22

What is the key argument in Heyes’s paper?

Answer 22

Considering cognitive processes distinguishing asocial and social learning to emerge, the input mechanisms are biased towards channels through which we administer social information

Question 23

How are social learning taxonomies behaviourist?

Answer 23

They focus on the resulting processes of neurocognitive mechanisms, i.e. the behaviour exhibited, instead of explaining said processes

Question 24

Intraspecific and Interspecific variations are

Answer 24

Variations in social and asocial learning can be accounted for with the hypotheses that the same mechanisms (intra) or distinct mechanisms evolving together (inter)

Question 25

How does imitation align with operant conditioning?

Answer 25

For example, as a visitor in your house, I might see you using your foot to close a particular cabinet door and then begin to use my foot to close that door. This would be R-S observational learning or goal-directed imitation if what I had learned from observing your behaviour was a relationship between a response (foot movement) and its outcome (door closing). It would be S-R observational learning, or blind imitation if what I had learned was a relationship between a stimulus (a distinctive feature of the door) and a response (foot movement)

Question 26

What is an automatic imitation task?

Answer 26

* human participants are required to perform body movements in response to arbitrary stimuli, but the arbitrary stimuli are accompanied by photographic images of the body movements in the response set * Reaction time is an indicator of whether they’re imitating

Question 27

What is unconscious mimicry?

Answer 27

People unconsciously mimic body language eg → blind S-R imitation

Question 28

What are the two aspects of automatic imitation?

Answer 28

1. Simple action replicated without intention 2. Familiar action

Question 29

What are input mechanisms vs. learning mechanisms?

Answer 29

psychological input mechanisms supply the cognitive system with information that is encoded by learning mechanisms for long-term storage.

Question 30

What is ontogenetical specialisation in contrast to phylogenetical one?

Answer 30

Organisms being more attentive to social stimuli as a consequence of their prior experience with these stimuli

Question 31

What is the adaptive specialisation of input mechanisms?

Answer 31

evidence that highly social animals are superior to less social animals in a social learning task but not in a comparable asocial learning task

Question 32

What is meant by adaptive specialisation?

Answer 32

Social channels or any channels that through evolution, have become specialised to receive information from others (input mechanisms)

Question 33

Which personal factors were highlighted by Bandura?

Answer 33

Cognition, emotion, biology → significantly different from traditional learning theory and behaviourism

Question 34

What, according to Bandura, is at the core of behavioural change?

Answer 34

Social modelling and observational learning

Question 35

What are the key points of Templeton's critique?

Answer 35

even if the learning (long-term encoding) was done by identical mechanisms, observer birds that were better able to see what the demonstrators were doing— by virtue of perceptual, attentional, or motivational biases—would show superior performance in the social, but not in the asocial, learning tasks ## Footnote social and asocial learning tasks: birds were given an equal opportunity to learn how to remove the covers by trial and error— by manipulating the covers themselves. In the social tasks the birds had, in addition, an opportunity to obtain information about the covers and the food beneath by observing conspecifics removing the covers and consuming the food

Question 36

What is Bandura’s point about personal and proxy agency?

Answer 36

* personal: the belief that you can change things to make them better for yourself or others * proxy: enlisting others to change one’s life but

Question 37

How do the downsides of proxy agency manifest and affect the collective?

Answer 37

in one’s passivity leading to collective agency (group enforces change)

Question 38

What is forethought?

Answer 38

Innately human ability to be aware of the consequences of our actions

Question 39

What are methods to manipulate self-efficacy?

Answer 39

1. Exposure 2. Performing 3. Improving 4. Vicarious experiences --> if they can, so can I 5. Participant modelling

Question 40

Why is Bandura critical of global self-efficacy measurements?

Answer 40

Few people are confident about every aspect of their lives in terms of performance

Question 41

What is the role of reinforcement in observational learning?

Answer 41

Not necessary: noticing attention-grabbing adverts → purchasing the product later (self-reinforced behaviour: evaluating own behaviour)

Question 42

What is the incentive factor?

Answer 42

The motivation to learn is controlled by forethought and traditional learning cues → readiness to learn

Question 43

What strategies are important for children's development when social modelling is not reinforced?

Answer 43

For goal achievement: 1. internal self-regulatory processes 2. self-criticism 3. self-praise 4. valuation of own personal standards 5. re-evaluation of own personal standards if necessary 6. self-persuasion, evaluation of attainment 7. acceptance of challenges