Stats T4

Question 1

Face Validity

Answer 1

basic form of validity demonstrated when a measurement procedure superficially appears to measure what it claims to measure

Question 2

Concurrent Validity

Answer 2

demonstrated when scores obtained from a new measure are directly related to scores obtained from an established measure of the same variable.

Question 3

Predictive Validity

Answer 3

demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure accurately predict behaviour according to a theory.

Question 4

Construct Validity

Answer 4

requires that the scores obtained from a measurement procedure behave exactly the same as the variable itself.

Question 5

What needs to be taken into consideration for construct validity

Answer 5

based on many research studies that use the same measurement procedure and grows gradually as each new study contributes more evidence.

Question 6

Convergent Validity

Answer 6

demonstrated strong relationship between the scores obtained from two or more different methods

Question 7

Divergent Validity

Answer 7

demonstrated by showing little or no relationship between the measurements and two constructs

Question 8

Test-retest reliability

Answer 8

established by comparing the scores obtained from two successive measurements of the same individuals and calculating a correlation between the two sets of scores.

Question 9

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 9

degree of agreement between two observers who simultaneously record
measurements of the behaviours

Question 10

Split-half reliability

Answer 10

obtained by splitting the items on a questionnaire or test in half, computing a
separate score for each half, and then calculating the degree of consistency between the two scores for a
group of participants.

Question 11

What are the two types of measures of reliability

Answer 11

Successive and simultaneous measurements

Question 12

Construct

Answer 12

hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behaviour in a
theory

Question 13

What is naturalistic observation

Answer 13

A form of non-participant observation where a researcher is in a natural setting in which behaviur usually occurs without interupting

Question 14

What is In participant observation

Answer 14

researcher engages in the same activities as the people being observed
in order to observe and record their behaviour.

Question 15

What are naturalistic observation usually used for

Answer 15

used to describe non-human behaviour or children

Question 16

What are the benefits and disadvantages of naturalistic observation (5)

Answer 16

external validity: real world setting behaviour is not manipulated overcoming ethical barriers –> instigating spanking vs. observing spanking time-consuming: having to wait till behaviour occurs research is prone to interruptions

Question 17

When is participant observation needed

Answer 17

When simple observation is not possible. e.g. studying cults or gangs because their presence would alter the behaviour

Question 18

What are advantages and disadvantages of participant observations (5)

Answer 18

access to information and observation unavailable to mere outside observation high external validity because of naturalistic setting time consuming observation potentially dangerous for researcher (sensitive nature) observers presence might alter participants’ experience –> objectivity?

Question 19

What is Structured observation?

Answer 19

or contrived observation is the observation of behaviour in settings arranged
specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviours so they don’t have to wait for them to happen

Question 20

Advantages and Disadvantages of structured observations

Answer 20

can be held in laboratory or other controlled settings to percipitate the behaviour that they want to observe –> good for developmental psych can be held in what is perceived a sa natural environment (field setting) less time consuming how natural is the behaviour?

Question 21

During a study using observational methods, it is common to have two observers record behaviour
simultaneously. What is the purpose for this procedure?

Answer 21

objectivity of the measurements

Question 22

In an observational study of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, you record how
much time each child spends playing alone during a 30-minute observation period. Which method
of quantifying behaviour is being used?

Answer 22

duration

Question 23

When researchers use behavioural observation techniques to measure behaviours in movies, what
is the measurement process called?

Answer 23

content analysis

Question 24

What are behavioural tasks

Answer 24

usually computer-controlled, structured tasks measured across multiple repeated trials that researchers use to collect behavioural measures such as
response times and task accuracy measures.

Question 25

What are many behavioural tasks structured around?

Answer 25

human information processing like cognitive tasks assessing attention, memory, language and decision making

Question 26

What can also be measured by behavioural tasks

Answer 26

attitudes, preferences aside from cognitions

Question 27

What is the main measure of interest in behavioural tasks

Answer 27

not the usually correct answer but speed of the response (response or reaction time)

Question 28

What is a task paradigm

Answer 28

task originally constructed to investigate a particular hypothesis is used and adapted to examine others subsequently providing a standard model for line of research

Question 29

What are two prerequisites of behavioural observations

Answer 29

behaviour is not disturbed observations are based in subjective judgments and intepretations which pose a threat to reliability so need for more than one observer

Question 30

Archival research

Answer 30

involves looking at pre-existing records (archives) to measure behaviours or events that occurred in the past

Question 31

Content analysis

Answer 31

measuring the occurrence of specific events, actions or statements in written text (e.g., literature, press reports, transcripts) or film/video recordings (e.g., movies, television programmes) or similar media

Question 32

How is the issue of interpretation in observational designs addressed (3)

Answer 32

well-defined categories of behaviour well-trained observers multiple observers or coders to assess inter-rater reliability

Question 33

What are behaviour categories

Answer 33

well/defined sets of behaviour that is to be observed which helps isolating relevant behaviours

Question 34

How are observations quantified (3)

Answer 34

frequency: how many times does something occur in the given time-frame duration: for how long does a behaviour occur interval: does a behaviour occur in a given interval

Question 35

When are the three quantification methods most appropriate

Answer 35

first two techniques are often well suited for specific behaviours but can lead to distorted measurements in some situations. For example, a bird that sings continuously for the entire 30-minute observation period would get a frequency score of only 1. Another bird that sings 25 times with each song lasting two seconds would get a duration score of only 50 seconds. In such situations, the interval method provides a way to balance frequency and duration to obtain a more representative measurement

Question 36

How do observers overcome issues of complex situations that cannot be watched multiple times

Answer 36

creating a recorded sample or taking a general sample

Question 37

What are the 5 research strategies?

Answer 37

Descriptive (examining individual variables) Correlational (two variables for each individual) → numerical Experimental (cause-effect) Quasi-experimental (less control, assignment) Non-experimental