Bio Week 10

Question 1

DNA that’s “cleaned up” and wrapped tightly

around histone proteins forms a ______ .

A little section of DNA that code for certain traits is called a ______ .

Answer 1

chromatin

gene

Question 2

DNA’s shape is called a _______ ________ .

DNA stands for ________ ________ .

Answer 2

double helix

deoxyribonucleic acid

(dee - oxy - ri - bo - new - clay - ic )

Question 3

The “rungs” of the DNA ladder is composed of 2 groups: ______ and _______ .

Which group does each of the 4 nitrogen bases belong to?

Answer 3

purines (have the extra ring) : adenine, guanine

and

pyrimidines : thymine, cytosine (the “Y” ‘s all stick together ! )

Question 4

A nitrogen base (ATGC) plus a deoxyribose form a _______ ,

and a chain of these form _______ ________ .

Answer 4

nucleotide

hint: (the “NA” in DNA)

Question 5

What are the base pairs?

Answer 5

A and T , C and G

(think Catherine Gasper, your fav mum!)

Question 6

Name some differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells DNA.

Answer 6

Prokaryote : single DNA loop, no nucleus, much less DNA material

Eukaryote : many “strands” of DNA (how many exactly?) ,

has a nucleus,

Question 7

What is the enzyme that “unzips” the DNA helix?

Next DNA polymerase comes along and takes ______ floating

around the nucleus and turns them into chains called ______ .

Answer 7

helicase

nucleotides/monomers link to form polymers

Question 8

WTH is a leading strand and lagging strand of DNA?

Answer 8

leading strand is the copy of DNA that forms in order

lagging strand is pieced together out of order (Okazaki fragments BABY ! )

Question 9

DNA codes for over 100,000 proteins in the body

And these proteins that are built from just 20 ______ _______ .

Answer 9

amino acids

(which are also built from the DNA “blueprint” ! )

Question 10

___________ are the protein factories of the cell.

They are found 2 places, IN the _________

or ON the ________ __________ .

Answer 10

ribosomes

cytoplasm

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

To make proteins, how does the gene “blueprint”

from DNA get to the ribosome?

Answer 11

RNA (what does RNA stand for?)

Question 12

Explain how you could determine

which genetic materal is RNA?

Answer 12

RNA is single strand (not double helix)

RNA has ribose “sides” / backbone

RNA has uracil, not thymine

Question 13

mRNA is a disposable copy of a _____ from the DNA

which transports that section of code to outside of the ________ ,

where the ribosome uses the code to make _______ .

Answer 13

DNA

nucleus

proteins

Question 14

What is the enzyme that “unzips” DNA to make a copy for mRNA?

Answer 14

RNA polymerase

BONUS: What is different about the mRNA “copy” of the gene?

Question 15

What does transcription mean?

Answer 15

THINK! The root word “scribe” means to write

Question 16

What are promoters and terminators in mRNA transcription?

Answer 16

Promoters and terminators are the “start” stop” point of

different genes that the RNA polymerase attaches to start copying.

Question 17

What are introns and extons in mRNA transcription?

What are codons (after transcription)?

Answer 17

introns are the non-coding DNA parts that can get cut out

extons are the important parts of the gene that get spliced together

codons are the 3 letter groups ribosomes use to make proteins

Question 18

Codons will always be one of 4 letters, which letters?

Answer 18

A, C, G, U

Question 19

AUG is a start codon, what does that mean?

What letter does all stop codons start with?

Answer 19

Start codon is the place on mRNA

that tells a ribosome to start “reading” the code.

stop codons always start with U (UAA, UAG, UGA)

Question 20

Translation is different than transcription (copying DNA to mRNA),

this is when the ribosome uses mRNA to _____________ .

Answer 20

Translation is when the ribosome reads mRNA to

decipher/translate codons and make amino acids.

Question 21

tRNA activate during translation.

tRNA consists of 3 bases called an _______ ,

that pair up with mRNA codons.

Each tRNA is paired up (BFF) with a particular ______ _______ ,

that the ribosome uses to create proteins.

Answer 21

anticodon

amino acid

Question 22

Explain the steps of protein manufacturing.

Include the terms transcription, translation.

Answer 22

Transcription: DNA copies to mRNA

mRNA exits nucleus to ribosome where translation begins.

ribosome finds a start codon

and begins pairing tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons.

Ribosome links amino acids attached to tRNA to form proteins.

Question 23

Mutation is a mistake in the DNA replication process.

What are the 2 types of mutations ,

what causes the mutation,

and which one tends to be more severe?

Answer 23

gene mutation: caused by DNA replication errors, mutagens (UV damage, etc)

chromosome mutation: errors in crossing over during meiosis, more severe

Question 24

Explain:

substitution mutation

point mutation

Answer 24

GENE MUTATIONS! ! ! ! !

Trick question: substitution and point mutation are the same,

they occur when one base in a code sequence is replaced

by something different

BONUS: what are silent, missense, and nonsense point mutations? #72

Question 25

Frame shift mutation is occurs because of insertion or deletion.

Explain.

Answer 25

Insertion and deletion occur when an extra base is jammed IN

or karate chopped OUT of the code sequence,

shifting all the bases along the frame.

BONUS: What is the “frame” called/made out of?

Question 26

chromosome mutations:

match the mutation to the letter in the picture:

deletion, translocation, duplication, inversion, insertion

Answer 26

BONUS: What helps to “fix” base code errors? #79

Question 27

What are things we can do to reduce the chance of mutations?

Answer 27

Wash hands (to avoid bacteria & viruses)

Put that cigarette out (reduce gene exposure to chemicals)

Bathe in that sunscreen (avoid radiation exposure like UV & xray)