bio1120L midterm

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

a change in allele frequencies through time in populations

Question 2

5 criteria for genetic equilibrium

Answer 2

1. no migration
2. no mutation
3. no genetic drift
4. no natural selection
5. random mating

Question 3

formulas for calculating allele frequencies

Answer 3

p+q=1
p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Question 4

how to find p

Answer 4

(2)AA+(1)Aa/# of individuals(2)

Question 5

how to find q

Answer 5

(2)aa+(1)Aa/#of individuals(2)

Question 6

how to find 2pq

Answer 6

2(pxq)

Question 7

bottleneck effect

Answer 7

rapid reduction in a population size where only a few alleles survive

Question 8

fixed allele

Answer 8

the only allele for a particular gene

Question 9

how to calculate degrees of freedom

Answer 9

number of genotypes-1

Question 10

four mechanisms for evolutionary change

what happens if they’re met?

Answer 10

1. migration
2. mutation
3. natural selection
4. genetic drift

microevolution

Question 11

microevolution

Answer 11

evolution over a short time frame

Question 12

macroevolution

Answer 12

evolution over a long period of time

Question 13

what is speciation the bridge between

Answer 13

micro and macroevolution

Question 14

what is a defining feature of speciation

Answer 14

reproductive isolation

Question 15

define species

Answer 15

A population that can interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and is reproductively isolated from other species

Question 16

limitation of bsc species definition

Answer 16

doesn’t apply to asexual organisms, some species can interbreed

Question 17

allopatric speciation

Answer 17

species become geographically isolated

Question 18

parapatric speciation

Answer 18

species diverge in semi isolated locations

Question 19

sympatric speciation

Answer 19

species diverge in the same area

Question 20

genetic drift

Answer 20

random change in allele frequencies

Question 21

8 categories used to classify organisms

Answer 21

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
   3.Phylum
   4.Class
   5.Order
   6.Family
   7.Genus
   8.Species

Question 22

node

Answer 22

branching point

Question 23

clade

Answer 23

2 branches next to each other

Question 24

Synapmorphy

Answer 24

similar characteristic in 2 or more species inherited from a common ancestor

Question 24

systematics

Answer 24

the study of the kind and diversity of organisms and their relationships

Question 25

will a significant change in allele frequency have an effect on genotypic frequency

Answer 25

yes because allele frequencies affect the number of genotypes present

Question 26

what effect does natural selection have on genotypic frequency?

Answer 26

natural selection favors genotypes that are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 27

endosymbiont theory

Answer 27

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells that got swallowed by a host cell

Question 28

what are the distinguishing characteristics of bacteria?

Answer 28

bacteria is unicellular, doesn't have a nucleus and reproduces through binary fission

Question 29

what are the distinguishing characteristics of protists?

Answer 29

some protists can be multicellular, reproduce through mitosis, eukaryotic, aquatic

Question 30

3 shapes of bacteria

Answer 30

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

Question 31

How does a Euglena move around? How does it obtain food?

Answer 31

1. flagellum 2. photosynthesis or they can assimilate organic material heterotrophically

Question 32

How does a Paramecium move around? How does it obtain food?

Answer 32

1. cilia 2. collects food particles in oral groove and deposits them into vacuoles

Question 33

Why are autotrophic protists, like Diatoms, important?

Answer 33

they fix the most carbon dioxide into oxygen

Question 34

Which kingdom represents the first group of organisms to exist on earth?

Answer 34

bacteria

Question 35

Give an example of an autotrophic organism we saw

Answer 35

diatom or algae

Question 36

Give an example of an heterotrophic organism we saw

Answer 36

paramecium

Question 37

Give an example of an organism that can be either heterotrophic or autotrophic

Answer 37

euglena

Question 38

Where do meiosis and fertilization occur in the life cycle of moss and ferns?

Answer 38

sporangium

Question 39

Why are mosses and ferns found in moist habitats?

Answer 39

sperm must swim to reach the egg

Question 40

Why is a fern considered more advanced than moss?

Answer 40

they have vascular tissue with xylem and pholem

Question 41

What kind of habitat would we expect to find spore-bearing plants?

Answer 41

moist

Question 42

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte phase dominant in mosses?

Answer 42

gameophyte

Question 43

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte phase dominant in ferns?

Answer 43

sporophyte

Question 44

Do the gametophyte and sporophyte phases live independently or dependently in mosses?

Answer 44

dependently

Question 45

Do the gametophyte and sporophyte phases live independently or dependently in ferns?

Answer 45

independently

Question 46

moss/fern life cycle

Answer 46

1. spore 2. gameophyte 3. antheridium/archegonium 4. fertilization 5. zygote 6. embryo 7. sporophyte 8. sporagonium 9. spore mother cells 10. meiosis->1.

Question 47

Describe the sexual reproduction process in gymnosperms and angiosperms

Answer 47

both produce male pollen grains that travel to female ovules to fertilize them, forming seeds. They are heterosporous, they produce megaspores and microspores. same as moss just with 2 spores.

Question 48

Why is the seed an advantage for life on land?

Answer 48

seeds protect the embryo

Question 49

Why do pollen grains have wings?

Answer 49

they help with wind dispersal

Question 50

What is the ploidy of tissue that nourishes a gymnosperm embryo?

Answer 50

haploid

Question 51

Describe double fertilization

Answer 51

one sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form a zygote, the other sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form an endosperm

Question 52

What is the ploidy of tissue that nourishes an angiosperm embryo?

Answer 52

triploid

Question 53

What happens to young cotyledons as a young seedling grows?

Answer 53

they absorb nutrients from the gameophyte tissue

Question 54

what is a stamen

Answer 54

male reproductive structure. contains filament anther and pollen

Question 55

what is a pistil

Answer 55

female reproductive structure. contains stigma, style, and ovary.

Question 56

what is the phylum of moss

Answer 56

Bryophyta

Question 57

what is the phylum of ferns

Answer 57

Pteridophyta

Question 58

what is the phylum of gymnosperms

Answer 58

Coniferophyta

Question 59

what is the phylum of angiosperms

Answer 59

Anthophyta