exam 3 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
are angiosperms hetero or homosporous
A
heterosporous
2
Q
what does the microsporangia produce
A
microspores (pollen) develops into male gametophyte
3
Q
what does the megasporangia produce and what is it found inside of
A
megaspores, inside ovules develop into female gametophyte
4
Q
major stages of the angiosperm life cycle
A
gametophyte development, pollination, double fertilization, seed development
5
Q
male flower reproductive structure and what does it contain
A
stamen: contains anther where microsporangia develop
6
Q
female flower reproductive structure and what does it contain
A
carpel: contains ovary and ovules where megasporangia develop
7
Q
double fertilization
A
1st sperm fuses with egg to form zygote, second fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm
8
Q
pollination process
A
pollen is transferred to the stigma, produces a pollen tube that grows down the style into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells into the embryo sac
9
Q
how did early pollination work
A
it was undirected and wind driven
10
Q
what kind of symbiotic relationship is pollination
A
mutualism, plants reproduce in exchange for food
11
Q
Coevolution
A
2 species involve interdependently
12
Q
what do wind pollinated plants look like
A
small inconspicuous flowers, typically green or feathery
13
Q
what is a seed made of
A
embryo, food supply, protective covering
14
Q
are bees the only pollinator, what are some other ones
A
no. hummingbirds, butterflies, moths, flies, wasps, beetles
15
Q
what breaks seed dormancy
A
environmental cues such as heavy rainfall
16
Q
types of seed dispersal
A
gravity, animal digestion, animal attachment, water, wind, exploding, cultivation
17
Q
An important innovation for efficient seed dispersal
A
Tissues derived from the ovary are often nutritious and brightly colored to attract animal seed-dispersers
18
Q
what did flowers make more efficient
A
pollination
19
Q
what did fruit make more efficient
A
seed dispersal
20
Q
evidence that fungi are most closely related to animals
A
- DNA sequence data
- Both animals and fungi make chitin
- Animals and chytrids (basal fungi) have similar flagella
- Both fungi & animals use glycogen to store energy (plants use starch)
21
Q
two major fungi growth forms
A
yeasts: unicellular
mycelia: multicellular mycelium filaments
22
Q
What makes fungi such good symbiotic partners to plants?
A
Chitin allows fungi cell walls to stay strong mycelia adapted for absorption
23
Q
Mycorrhizae
A
plant-fungal symbiosis in which fungal hyphae transfer nutrients to the plant partner
may have helped plants without roots colonize land
24
Q
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (EMF)
A
- Go in between root cells, but do NOT
actually enter them - in temperate and boreal forests
- fruiting body
25
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
- Grow into the cells of plant’s root tissue and directly contact the plasma membrane of the plant cell
- most ancient and found nearly everywhere
- microscopic
26
chytrids
basal fungi, found in wet habitats Have flagellated spores. motile
27
zygomycetes
include decomposers, parasites, and
commensal symbionts
28
glomeromycetes
Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots.
29
ascomycetes
Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Fruiting bodies are called ascocarps
30
basidiomycetes
Important decomposers and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Fruiting bodies are called mushrooms
31
Mushrooms
fungal fruiting bodies (reproductive organs) of densely-packed hyphae.
32
what do fungi have instead of sexes
tens of thousands of mating types
33
plasmogamy
occurs when the cytoplasms of two haploid hyphae from different mating types fuse
34
Karyogamy
occurs when the two different nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote
35
fungi ecological importance
plant and animal diseases, most important decomposers (digest lignin), symbiotic relationships such as mycorrhizae, antibiotics, food (bread and alc)
36
Lichen
symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae, algae provides nutrients to fungus, some also have yeast
37
Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
lack tissue, Choanocytes ingest food, Amoebocytes digest food and distribute nutrients, metazoans
38
Cnidaria
eumetazoans, diploblasts, no systems, cnidocytes, nerve net
39
what did the cambrian explosion give rise to
bilateral animals, hard bodied organisms, predators, prey
40
Ectoderm
gave rise to the skin and nervous system
41
mesoderm
gave rise to circulatory system, muscle, and organs
42
Endoderm
lines digestive tract
43
Acoelomates
no body cavity
44
Pseudocoelomates
Body cavity between mesoderm and
endoderm
45
Coelomates
Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm
46
what does a body cavity do
acts as a hydrostatic skeleton which allows movement without limbs
47
what do all animals past porifera and cnidaria have
central nervous system
48
protostome
mouth before anus, blocks of solid mesoderm split into coelom
49
deuterostome
anus before mouth, mesoderm pockets pinch off gut to form coelom
50
clade lophotrochozoa
wormlike, Name comes from a feeding structure called lophophore and larva called a trochophore
51
Ectoprocta/bryozoans
sessile colonies, suspension feeders
52
Platyhelminthes
flatworms, acoelomate, move by cilia on underside or undulated swimming
53
Annelida
segmented worms like earthworms
54
Mollusca
body has 3 main parts:
1. foot for movement
2. visceral mass contains organs
3. mantle secretes shell
55
clade ecdysozoa
nematodes and arthropods, cuticle made of chitin, undergo ecdysis (shedding)
56
nematoda
parasitic roundworms with a cuticle
57
arthropoda
segmented exoskeleton, jointed limbs
58
Hox genes
influence segmentation and organization of body parts
mutations in hox genes drastically change body plan
59
arthropoda: myriopoda
centipedes: carnivorous, venemous, one pair of legs per segment
millipedes: herbivores, two pairs of legs per segment
60
arthropoda: chelicerata
spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions,
horseshoe crabs
Characterized by chelicerae: pair of appendages near the mouth
61
arthropoda: crustacea
Crabs, shrimps, lobsters,
barnacles
cephalothorax and abdomen, two pairs of antennae
62
arthropoda: hexopoda
most abundant animal group, six legs
63
Echinodermata
starfish
bilateral larva, radial symmetry as adults
feed using tube feet
64
how do Invertebrate chordates support the dorsal nerve chord
lancelets and tunicates
support dorsal nerve chord with notochord
65
how do Vertebrate chordates support the dorsal nerve chord
vertebral column (spine) supports dorsal nerve chord
66
four synapomorphies of chordates
1. hollow, dorsal nerve chord
2. notochord
3. muscular post anal tail
4. Pharyngeal slits/ gill slits
67
chordata: vertebrata
Synapomorphies: vertebral column, cranium, internal organs, endoskeleton
68
jawless vertebrates/cyclostomes
lamprey and hagfish
69
Chondrichthyes
sharks, rays, chimaeras
cartilaginous skeletons
70
bony fish
internal skeleton, swim bladder, gill covers
ray finned fish and lobe finned fish
71
bony fish: ray finned fish
almost all fish alive today, bony rods in fins
72
lobe finned fish
Coelacanths and lungfish
fins are fleshy lobes
evolved into amphibians
73
what changes were required for animals to come to land
lungs, legs, redesigned heart, prevent egg drying, prevent body desiccation
74
amphibians
Anura – frogs & toads
Caudata – salamanders
Apoda - caecilians
lay jelly coated eggs in water
75
what two clades are amniotes
reptiles and mammals
76
anmniote traits
amniotic egg, ribcage, don't breathe through skin
77
amniotic egg
4 membranes, amnion, chorion
78
reptile derived characteristics
scales with keratin, shelled eggs, internal fertilization, ectothermic (except birds)
79
turtles
turtles and tortises
box like shell fused to skeleton
80
squametes
snakes and lizards
Snakes are carnivorous and have adaptations for predation such as sensory receptors
81
Crocodilians
alligators and crocodiles
breathe through upturned nostrils, build nests and care for their young, four chambered heart, most closely related to birds
82
birds
most diverse vertebrates, amniotic egg, endothermal, scales on legs, hollow bones
83
mammal traits
hair, kidneys, metabolism, specialized teeth, mammary glands
84
Mammalia: Prototheria
Monotremes, most primitive, lay eggs, cloaca
85
Mammalia: Marsupials
anmniotic egg with no shell
after birth, crawls into marsupial pouch
86
Placenta
organ grown during pregnacy, provides O2 & nutrients
87
viviparous
give live birth
88
primate traits
opposable thumbs, long slender limbs that move freely at hip and shoulder, short jaws, flexible hands, social organization
89
Hominoids
humans and apes that arose from old world monkeys (gibbons, Orangutans, gorillas, chimps)
90
Hominin
Consists of humans and the extinct species more closely related to them than chimpanzees
91
hominin evolutions to bipedalism
straight spine, wide pelvis, arched feet, no opposable big toe
92
Homo neanderthalensis
lived on cold climates
cared for the aged and the sick: indication of advanced social cooperation,
liked art and religion, outcompeted by humans
93
Homo sapiens
humans
94
Ecology
how organisms interact with the abiotic and biotic environment
95
Organismal ecology
how individual organisms interact with the environment
96
Population ecology
Considers factors affecting population size over time, one species
97
Community ecology
how interactions between species affect community structure
98
Ecosystem ecology
Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment
99
Landscape ecology
focuses on the factors controlling energy, material, organism exchange over multiple ecosystems
100
Global ecology
focuses on biosphere, or global ecosystem, which is the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes
101
Climate
long term weather patterns
102
weather
short term conditions
103
4 abiotic factors affecting climate
1. temperature
2. precipitation
3. sunlight
4. wind
104
Major Drivers of Earth’s climate system
1. Uneven heating of the Earth
2. Earth’s movements in space (Milankovitch Cycles)
3. Global Air Circulation
4. bodies of water
5. mountains
105
Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight
Higher latitudes: angled, less sunlight
Midlatitudes: direct sunlight, warmer
106
More sun =
more heat and light per unit of surface area
107
what causes seasons
earth's tilt
108
Wind pattern change=
altered ocean current patterns
109
Milankovitch Cycles
Periodic changes in Earth’s orbit that affect climate
tilt, wobble, orbit
take thousands of years
110
what latitude are deserts found at
30 degrees
111
what latitude are rainforests found at
0 degrees
112
global air circulation
moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain
circulates every 30 degrees
60% of heat transfer
113
bodies of water
prevailing winds blow over the ocean and produce ocean currents
40% of heat transfer
114
rain shadows
cool air goes up windward side of mountain, rains, dry leeward side of mountain
115
how do we study past climates
historical records, tree ring data, corals, sediments, ice
116
how do we study the current climate
satellites
measurements of: CO2 & Methane, Precipitation, Cloud coverage, Ocean changes
117
climograph
plots the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a region
118
ecotone
area of intergradation between 2 biomes
119
what biome is lichen most common in
tundra
120
how are aquatic biomes divided
into vertical and horizontal zones
121
thermocline
narrow layer of abrupt temp change in water
