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Bio 1120 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fitness trade-off

A

compromises between traits
ex: organisms at the bottom of the ocean can’t live on land

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2
Q

Low population density

A

More space, resources, finding mates can be difficult

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3
Q

High population density

A

Finding mates easier, competition
for limited resources

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4
Q

Random dispersion

A

Occurs when individuals are spaced in a manner that is unrelated to the presence of others

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5
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

Occurs when individuals are concentrated in specific parts of the habitat

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6
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

Individuals are more evenly spaced than a random pattern
Results from severe competition

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7
Q

Dispersion

A

How individuals in a population space themselves relative to one another

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8
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement of individuals among populations

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9
Q

Model for Populations formula

A

ΔN /Δt = N(b − d)

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10
Q

ΔN

A

change in number of individuals in a
population

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11
Q

Δt

A

change in a given period of time

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12
Q

growth rate formula

A

r=b-d

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13
Q

instantaneous growth rate formula

A

dN/dt = rN

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14
Q

Exponential Population Growth

A

j shape curve
optimal conditions

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15
Q

Carrying Capacity (k)

A

limits the number of individuals due to a limited amount of resources

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16
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

s shape curve
has a carrying capacity

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17
Q

Density-Dependent Factors

A

biotic
Predation, disease, and competition

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18
Q

Density-Independent Factors

A

abiotic
fire, weather

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19
Q

Life History Traits

A

Significant features of an organism’s life cycle that influence survival, growth and reproduction
factors like age at maturity, number of offspring, size at birth

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20
Q

Trade-offs and Life Histories

A

Organisms have finite resources, leads to trade-offs between survival and reproduction
ex: less offspring= more resources

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21
Q

r selected species

A

small, short lifespan, many offspring with no parental care

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22
Q

k selected species

A

long life, large, few offspring with parental care

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23
Q

Commensalism

A

(+/0) one species benefits, one is unaffected

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24
Q

Competition

A

(-/-) lowers the fitness of individuals involved

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25
Intraspecific competition
competition between same species
26
Interspecific competition
competition between different species happens when 2 species niches overlap
27
competitive exclusion principle
two species cannot coexist if their niches overlap completely
28
resource partitioning
reducing interspecific competition by using different parts of a resource
29
Consumption
(+/-) one organism eats another herbivory, predation, parasitism
30
Avoidance
hiding with or w/o camouflage, running away
31
Cryptic coloration
coloration to blend in
32
Aposematic coloration
warning coloration for poison
33
Batesian mimicry
Resemblance of a dangerous species
34
Mutualism
(+/+) both organisms benefit
35
Species richness
number of species
36
Relative abundance/ species evenness
proportion of each species
37
Trophic level:
the position an organism occupies in a food chain
38
“Top-down” control hypothesis
Predation and disease limits herbivore abundances
39
“Bottom-up” limitation hypothesis
Limitation to herbivore abundance comes from lower in the food chain plants provide poor nutrition and are well-defended against herbivory
40
how much energy is lost between trophic levels
90%
41
Biomanipulation
ecologists introduce predator species to balance ecosystem
42
Foundation species
have strong effects due to their large size or high abundance trees, coral, shrubs
43
Ecosystem engineers
organisms that cause physical changes in environment that affect community structure. beavers
44
Keystone species
important in ecosystems because of their pivotal ecological roles less abundant
45
F. E. Clement
argued that plant communities had only one stable equilibrium
46
A. G. Tansley
argued that many potential stable communities were possible depending on a combination of environmental influences
47
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
moderate levels of disturbance promote greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance
48
nonequilibrium model
describes communities as constantly changing after disturbances
49
Primary succession
succession after new volcanic island or retreating glacier no soil
50
Secondary succession
succession after a major disturbance has removed most but not all of the organisms in a community ex: fire
51
species-area curve
a larger geographic area should have more species
52
introduction of arctic fox onto islands in Alaska
resulted in a transformation from grassland to tundra ecosystem
53
energy vs chemicals in ecosystems
energy flows in and out chemicals cycle through
54
first law of thermodynamics
energy can't be created or destroyed, only transformed
55
how does energy enter ecosystems
as solar energy
56
second law of thermodynamics
every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe and energy is lost as heat
57
law of conservation of mass
matter can't be created or destroyed
58
what trophic level plays a key role in chemical cycling
decomposers
59
water cycle reservoirs
97% ocean, 2% ice, 1% lakes and rivers
60
water cycle key processes
Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff
61
Carbon Cycle: Forms available to life
photosynthesis from plants
62
Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs
Fossil fuels, soils, sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere
63
Carbon Cycle: Key processes
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, volcanoes, burning wood and fossil fuels
64
Carbon Cycle importance
organic molecules
65
Nitrogen Cycle importance
nucleic acids, Amino acids, proteins
66
Nitrogen Cycle: Forms available to life
plants use ammonium and nitrate bacteria use nitrite animals use organic forms
67
Nitrogen Cycle: Reservoirs
atmosphere, soils, sediments, water, organisms
68
Nitrogen Cycle: Key processes
fixation, nitrification, denitrification, industrial fertilizers, legume crops, gas emissions
69
Phosphorous Cycle Biological importance
phospholipids, Nucleic acids, and ATP
70
Phosphorous Cycle: Forms available to life
phosphate
71
Phosphorous Cycle: Reservoirs
sedimentary rocks in ocean, soil, ocean, organisms
72
Phosphorous Cycle: Key processes
Weathering of rock, leaching into water, incorporation into organic molecules, excretion by animals, and decomposition
73
what do restoration ecologists do
initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems
74
Two key strategies in restoration
bioremediation and biological augmentation
75
Kissimmee River, Florida
turned into a straight canal, dried wetlands and threatened fish and bird populations
76
Succulent Karoo, South Africa
overgrazing by livestock damaged ecosystem
77
Maungatautari, New Zealand
introduced invasive species
78
Coastal Japan
Destruction of coastal seaweed and seagrass beds threatened fish
79
Bioremediation
uses organisms—typically prokaryotes, fungi, or plants—to detoxify ecosystems
80
Biological augmentation
uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem ex: adding nitrogen fixing plants or mycorrhizal fungi

Bio 1120 (10 decks)

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