BioBioChem - Population Genetics

Question 1

Indels are either a ___ or ______

Answer 1

insertion, deletion

Question 2

Different versions of a gene are ___

Answer 2

alleles

Question 3

Selection acts on the genotype or phenotype?

Answer 3

phenotype

Question 4

Selection pressure changes the fitness of 1 particular _____

Answer 4

phenotype

Question 5

Fitness is the ability to

Answer 5

survive and reproduce

Question 6

evolution is the change in _____ frequency in a population over time

Answer 6

allele

Question 7

When we methylate DNA we ____ gene expression

Answer 7

silence

Question 8

the first stage of meiosis is called (reductional division) because we are separating _____ pairs (2n goes to __)

Answer 8

homologous pairs (2n->n)

Question 9

meiosis 2 is called equational division and we are dividing ___ _____ (n–)

Answer 9

sister chromatids (n–>n)

Question 10

Eukaryotes increase genetic diversity via three mechanisms

Answer 10

(1) Independent assortment: metaphase 1 and metaphase 2
(2) Prophase 1: crossovers (mix DNA b/w homologous chromosomes
(3) Give 1/2 DNA for offspring; sexual reproduction - combine 2 genetic backgrounds

Question 11

Nondisjunction is the _______ to seperate chromosome pairs to separate at _______ 1 (more common) or for sister chromatids to separate in anaphase 2

Answer 11

failure, anaphase

Question 12

Monosomy is the loss of a single chromosome and in humans are not ___

Answer 12

viable

Question 13

Turner Syndrome is the monosomy of the __ chromosomes

Answer 13

XO, sex

Question 14

XXY

Answer 14

klinefelter’s

Question 15

What are the genotype and phenotype ratios for heteroxhetero

Answer 15

1:2:1 and 3:1

Question 16

Test crosses (back cross) must be crossed with a ____

Answer 16

homozygous

Question 17

incomplete dominance shows an _____ phenotype. Give an example

Answer 17

incomplete. Red and white flower makes a pink flower

Question 18

Codominance is when both are expressed. Give an example.

Answer 18

blood type

Question 19

unlinked genes are on ___ chromosomes or very far apart on the same chromosomes

Answer 19

different

Question 20

2X in female - one is inactivated and it forms _____

Answer 20

heterochromatin

Question 21

does the sperm or egg determine sez

Answer 21

sperm determines sex because it will either give an X or Y

Question 22

mendel dominance is a ____% penetrance

Answer 22

100%

Question 23

what is the taxonomical classification?

Answer 23

Darn King Philip Cuts Open Five Green Snakes. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Species

Question 24

The bottleneck effect

Answer 24

disease, hurricane, genocide

Question 25

Founder effect

Answer 25

a small group leaves and moves

Question 26

Is evolution the same as natural selection?

Answer 26

NO, natural selection is simply a mechanism for evolution. Natural selection is a way to evolve

Question 27

r-selected species are unstable and unpredictable environments and put energy into reproduction. What are some of their features?

Answer 27

High fecundity, small body size, early maturity onset (i.e released fish eggs into the ocean)

Question 28

K-selected species put their energy into ensuring their offspring survive. What are some features?

Answer 28

large body, long life expectancy, fewer offspring (humans, elephants)

Question 29

Carrying capacity is the max pop. size that can de sustained indefinitely by the ____

Answer 29

environment

Question 30

what is the phenotype of a dihybrid cross?

Answer 30

9-3-3-1

Question 31

sigma represents _____

Answer 31

variance

Question 32

evolution occurs in all commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism T or F

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Karyotype

Answer 33

The number or appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus in a euk cell

Question 34

Wild Type refers to the ____ form of an allele as it occurs in nature

Answer 34

typical

Question 35

Hybrid are organisms from different species that can sometimes reproduce hybrid progeny which are usually __

Answer 35

sterile

Question 36

Mendelian errors describe an allele in an ____ which could not have been received from either of its biological parents by mendelian inheritance

Answer 36

individual

Question 37

Gene pool

Answer 37

the complete set of unique alleles in a species or popualtion

Question 38

Leakage is gene flow from one ____ to another

Answer 38

species

Question 39

Adaptive Radiation is the evolution of ecological or phenotypic diversity within a ____

Answer 39

lineage

Question 40

Divergent evolution occurs when two or more species evolving from the ___ group maintain a similar structure from the common ancestor (homologous)

Answer 40

same A good example of this is Darin's finches which have 80 species all diverged from one original species of Finch

Question 41

Convergent evolution when two species may evolve similar structures/traits with no recent common ancestor. These are said to be ____

Answer 41

analogous

Question 42

Polymorphism occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of species. GIve an example

Answer 42

the light morph jaguar vs the dark-morph jaguar