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PSYC/SOC - Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Dependent variables depend on the _____ variable

A

independent

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2
Q

Operationalization

A

connecting your hypothesis with the operations you are going to do

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3
Q

Factor, explanatory variable, and predictor are all words for

A

independent variable

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4
Q

the explanatory variable is also known as the _____

A

independent variable

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5
Q

Categorical variables are categories. What two variables fit into this section?

A

Nominal and ordinal

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6
Q

Nominal

A

categorical variable that is a name

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7
Q

Ordinal variable

A

classes data in ordered categories but does not convey the degree or magnitude of difference between the categories.

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8
Q

what type of variable isa rate your pain on a scale of 1-10

A

ordinal

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9
Q

Interval variables

A

quantitative

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10
Q

Ratio variable

A

what we think of as a normal number

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11
Q

what type of variable is it when there is a fundamental zero?

A

Ratio variable

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12
Q

What type of a variable is it if there is an arbitrary zero?

A

interva

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13
Q

Why recruit and sort randomly?

A

To make it likely that differences will be spread out between the experimental group(s) and control group(s). People are weird so spread them out so that the weirdness spreads out

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14
Q

When a conclusion is based on a sample, it is called a _______. If the whole population were to be measured, that’s a parameter. Statistics are estimates of parameters

A

statistic

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15
Q

Parameter is a number describing a whole _____

A

population

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16
Q

a statistic is is a number describing a sample and is an estimate of the ____

A

parameter

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17
Q

cluster random sampling is usually used for ____

A

convenience

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18
Q

Stratified sampling sorts a population that behave ____

A

differently

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19
Q

Cluster random sampling sorts a population that behaves ___

A

similarily

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20
Q

what is non-probability sampling?

A

snowball

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21
Q

Descriptive statistics describes ____. It does not seek relationships within it.

A

data

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22
Q

What are potential problems with matched pair design or block design?

A

We may nit know that age and sex are important variables. Maybe we can’t pair exactly

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22
Q

A block design is when we ___ first, then randomize.

A

group. I.e male and female and then randomize

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22
Q

Unblinded is when ____ knows which participants are in which group

A

everyone

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23
Blinding refers to who knows whether a participant is in the experimental or ____ group
control
23
Single blind is when the participant doesn't know which group they're in, but the ____ knows
researcher
24
Double blind is when neither the _____ or the ______ knows which group the participant is in. Only a third party (research coordinator) knows.
participant, researcher
25
What is the limitation of a matched pair design? It requires a knowledge of important ______ before the study begins
variables
26
Observational studies are when scientists observe variables without ____ them
manipulating
27
Observational studies are usually ______ studies, meaning they seek to correlate two or more variables.
correlation (move in the same direction, not necessarily cause and effect)
28
Cross-sectional studies study a sample at ____ point in time. Example: 5000 people's LDL cholesterol and average daily step counts are testes. IS there a correlation between step count and LDL cholesterol
one. These are pretty easy to do. Your daily step count and LDL are linked but this is not establishing a cause and effect. Only correlated
29
Longitudinal studies study one sample over _____. Example: 500 people's step counts and LDL concentrations are tested in the present time. Two years later, these are tested again. Are changes in step count and LDL cholesterol correlated?
time
30
Case-control studies study two groups: one that has a certain outcome (skin cancer) and one that does not. Then the values of another variable (sun exposure) are compared between groups. This is used for _____ outcomes. These are very ____ to do.
rare, difficult
31
Quasi-experimental studies or natural experiments are when an _______ is applied, but not applies randomly. Ex/ one city's infrastructure changed to encourage walking while another stays constant. Does this change correlate with LDL cholesterol concentration of the residents.
interventions
32
Case studies dig deeply in a ____ cases.
few
33
A mixed methods approach combines multiple methods in a way that pains a more ____ picture.
complete
34
all normal distributions have the same properties. 1) they have a ____ shape and are ______. 2) the mean u(mu) is in the center of the distribution. 3) the area under the curve is __.
bell, symmetrical 1
35
the 50th percentile means that you beat 50% of people and 50% people beat you. Splitting into percentiles means to split into ___ pieces
100
36
quartiles allows us to split the data into four portions. the second quartile is the same as the ____
median
37
The interquartile range is Q3-___
Q3-Q1
38
For 5, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20 the quartiles are. knowing Q2 is 12
Q1 is 10 Q2 is 12 Q3 is 18
39
The measures of centreal tendency are mean, median, and ___
mode
40
An ______ can dramatically skew the mean
outlier
41
when the data is left skewed the mean is furthest left then the median and then the mode. When the data is right skewed the mean is the furthest right and then the median and the mode is the least ____
impacted
42
The ___ gets pulled the hardest by the skew.
mean
43
Measures of dispersion are ___, interquartile range, variance/standard deviation
range
44
the ____ is calculated by Biggest-smallest
range
45
Interquartile range is calcualted by
Q3-Q1
46
variance is the standard deviation ____
squared
47
the boxplot provides a graphical display of the 5 number summary
min num, Q1 Q2 Q3 and max
48
the box does not show the mean it shows the ____ at Q2
median
49
High Accuracy is hitting the ____ of the board
middle
50
Precision is being ______.
consistent, so off target but at the same place
51
is accuracy or precision related to measure of central tendency?
accuracy
52
precision or accuracy concerned with tendency of dispersion
precision
53
dispersion is related to ___
precision
54
A systematic error is also known as a __
bias
55
if we dont know the Actual number we cant determine ____
accuracy
56
if we have a 95% CI and we want a 99% CI we need to _____ the range
expand
57
standard error is about the ______ of the distribution
spread
58
A low p value is unlikely to have occurred due to ___
chance
59
the hypothesis that it is just due to chance is the ____ _____
null hypothesis
60
the ______ hypothesis tells us something is going on
alternative
61
The null hypothesis is like saying nothing is going on. Change is due to __ alone
chance
62
a p-value of 0.03 means (for example) that there is a 3% probability that these observations (or more extreme ones) occurring due to ____
chance
63
If P is ___ than 0.05 then the results are significant
less than
64
if p-value is less than the alpha, the we reject
H0
65
Type 1 errors is a _____ positive
false
66
Type 1 errors (false positive) is rejected when it is actually ____
true
67
type 2 error is a false ____
negative
68
Type 2 error (false negative) if the null hypothesis is not rejected when it ___
should be
69
an alpha of 0.01 vs 0.05 is better because it has a ____ type 1 error
lower
70
when alpha 0.05 is used the probability of a type 1 error is a maximum of ___%
5%
71
72
how to remember type I and type II error?
type I you can make a P (FP) type II you can make an N (FN)
73
We will only use a correlation coefficeint to compare two numbers
74
simple linear regression describes how one variable is associated with another and is an extension of ____
correlation
75
a lower Rsquared value means there is more spread
76
Residual is what is left over
observed-predicted
77
for r (correlation coefficient) we need to compare # and # and needs to be between -1 and 1
78
A chi squared test is ____
categorical
79
A test test is used to compare a number between two categories
i.e life expectancy different b/w Canadian and Americans
80
ANOVA is like a t-test more more than two groups
a number between two categories
81
Internal validity is for ____ and effect
cause and effect
82
external validity is the ability to do it in other situations
83
ethnographic studies are likely to have strong ___ validity
external
84
which study tends to have the highest internal validity?
experimental studies
85
standard deviation are show as error bars on a scatter plot
86
n

MCAT (17 decks)

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